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Anthro Human Origins & Evolutionary Theory: This guide contains bibliographic references and links to internet resources for human origins and evolutionary theory in anthropology.
Anthropology Resources: Search for educational information and links in over 50 categories.
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A New Factor In Evolution: J. Mark Baldwin's Original Paper (published 1896) in which he proposed the concept known today as "The Baldwin Effect": "In several recent publications I have developed, from different points of view, some considerations which tend to bring out a certain influence at work in organic evolution which I venture to call "a new factor". I give below the list of references [1] to these publications and shall refer to them by number as this paper proceeds. The object of the present paper is to gather into one sketch an outline of the view of the process of development which these different publications have hinged upon. The problems involved in a theory of organic development may be gathered up under three great heads: Ontogeny, Phylogeny, Heredity. The general consideration, the " factor " which I propose to bring out, is operative in the first instance, in the field of Ontogeny; I shall consequently speak first of the problem of Ontogeny, then of that of Phylogeny, in so far as the topic dealt with makes it necessary, then of that of Heredity, under the same limitation, and finally, give some definitions and conclusions."
Evolution, Original Papers: Full text of original papers on evolution from the nineteenth century to the present day, with particular emphasis on the work of Darwin's research associate, George Romanes, and the English biologist, William Bateson.
The Origin of Species: Completely free on-line edition of Charles Darwin's book: "When on board H.M.S. Beagle, as naturalist, I was much struck with certain facts in the distribution of the organic beings inhabiting South America, and in the geological relations of the present to the past inhabitants of that continent. These facts, as will be seen in the latter chapters of this volume, seemed to throw some light on the origin of species--that mystery of mysteries, as it has been called by one of our greatest philosophers. On my return home, it occurred to me, in 1837, that something might perhaps be made out on this question by patiently accumulating and reflecting on all sorts of facts which could possibly have any bearing on it. After five years' work I allowed myself to speculate on the subject, and drew up some short notes; these I enlarged in 1844 into a sketch of the conclusions, which then seemed to me probable: from that period to the present day I have steadily pursued the same object. I hope that I may be excused for entering on these personal details, as I give them to show that I have not been hasty in coming to a decision. My work is now (1859) nearly finished; but as it will take me many more years to complete it, and as my health is far from strong, I have been urged to publish this abstract. I have more especially been induced to do this, as Mr. Wallace, who is now studying the natural history of the Malay Archipelago, has arrived at almost exactly the same general conclusions that I have on the origin of species. In 1858 he sent me a memoir on this subject, with a request that I would forward it to Sir Charles Lyell, who sent it to the Linnean Society, and it is published in the third volume of the Journal of that Society. Sir C. Lyell and Dr. Hooker, who both knew of my work--the latter having read my sketch of 1844--honoured me by thinking it advisable to publish, with Mr. Wallace's excellent memoir, some brief extracts from my manuscripts. "
Zoological Philosophy: Online edition of Jean Baptiste Lamarck's classic work: "My teaching experience has made me sense how much a Philosophical Zoology, that is, a body of precepts relevant to the study of animals and even applicable to other parts of the natural sciences would be useful now, when for the past thirty years our knowledge of the facts of zoology has made considerable progress. Consequently, I attempted to sketch an outline of this philosophy for use in my classes, to make it easier for my students to understand me. At that time I had no other purpose. But to reach a determination of these principles and, by following them, to establish precepts which might guide our study, I had consider the organic structure of the different animals we know about, to think through the particular differences which this organic structure presents in the members of each family, each order, and especially each class, to compare the faculties which these animals have derived from it according to their level of complexity in each race, and finally to recognize the most universal phenomena which this structure presents in the main examples. I was successively led to include considerations of the most important scientific interest and to examine the most difficult questions in zoology. In fact, how could I explore the remarkable degradation found in the organic structure of animals, as one goes through the series from the most perfect among them right down to the most imperfect, without looking into what could control such a firm and remarkable fact, something confirmed for me by so many proofs? Must I not think that nature had produced the different bodies endowed with life in succession, proceeding from the simplest to the most highly organized, since, as we go up the animal scale from the most imperfect right up to the most perfect, the organism's organic structure is developed and gradually becomes more complex in an extremely remarkable way?"
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A Model of an Internal Evolutionary Mechanism: Based on an extension to homeostasis this (testable) model proposes an internal evolutionary mechanism linking "Stationary-Phase Mutations" to the "The Baldwin Effect": "In 1988 a minor collision occurred between natural reality and evolutionary theory when an article entitled "The Origin of Mutants" [1] appeared in Nature Magazine. The authors (Cairns et al.) reported experiments in which advantageous mutations in bacteria appeared to have happened with a greater frequency than conventional theory could account for. Subsequent experiments producing similar results have been performed by other scientists one of whom, Barry Hall, has said "Mutations that occur more when they`re useful than when they`re not: that I can document any day, every day, in the laboratory" [2]." The above is the opening paragraph from an article [3] comparing the reception given to the described phenomena (originally called "Directed Mutation" but now more often "Stationary Phase" or "Adaptive Mutations") and that accorded Galileo's Heliocentric Theory. In another article that appeared in New Scientist [4] David Thaler, then of Rockefeller University, is quoted as saying "In evolutionary theory there has been an overemphasis on the power of selection as opposed to the generation of diversity. Maybe this [the phenomena of stationary phase mutations] will take it to another level". In addition to providing a link between stationary phase Mutations and the Baldwin Effect the following also attempts to bridge their gap with Darwin`s principle of Natural Selection. Like all organisms bacteria are naturally integrated and though there is an apparent diversity of results in experiments that have produced stationary phase mutations there are also indications they may be due to a single mechanism triggered by varying degrees of disturbance to homeostasis [5]. It is proposed that such a mechanism existed in the single-cell common ancestor and that when life became multi-cellular so did the mechanism."
Creation as a fact: An article suggesting intelligence at work in nature by mutations being result of aquired information!: Why is the theory of evolution not a debatable matter to most of the participants in this newsgroup? It puzzles me. Most fields of science are very keen on new discoveries, and some scientists are very happy to announce that the whole picture must be redrawn, upside down (at least so it seems when news reach mass media). That's not the case when The Theory Of Evolution is the matter. Or am I wrong? Is it (the very process of) evolution that is established as a fact, as distinguished from the theory of evolution, which is open to debate? This distinction is not entirely clear to me since (the fact of) evolution seem to come as the very conclusion of the theory. At the talk.origins www. site one is expected to sit placidly and attentively "at the Masters feet", read FAQ' s and not say much. But still Creationists and other "questionists" (like myself) wont't go away. And I say there are good reasons not to. I will state these, and also share with you some ideas on which possible taboos that is prohibiting man from reaching a higher scientific level on understanding evolutionary processes. How do speciation happen? The answer without alternatives given by evolutionists is that this is due to misinterpretations of the DNA code to RNA proteins, that is "blind" mutations, actually sick genes which is inherited because proven to be helpful in natures fight for survival. This is hard to accept to many, and I share in the rebuke of the answer given instinctively, because it depicts a nature without any intelligence, a babbling idiot that gets it right most of the time. An important point to me, not stated in this newsgroup as I can see, is that you don't have to be be a christian fundamentalist, actually not inclined to religion at all, to have reservations to the evolutionist answer. "Intelligence" is hardly a term alien to science, and could be dealt with in a rational way. One meaning is "rational workings of (foremost human) brain. But another is something like "information traffic control" and this is the one interesting me. Let us see if there are any CIA' s or KGB' s at work in nature !
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Defending Science against Creationists: Kansas Citizens For Science is a growing group of scientists, parents, educators and others who are united to advocate for science, educate the public about the nature and value of science, and serve as an information on issues related to science and science education. We defend the teaching of science in public school classrooms versus religiously motivated pseudoscience.
Lamarck: Brief biography and an article on "Lamarck's Scientific Thought"
Talk Origins: Talk.origins is a Usenet newsgroup devoted to the discussion and debate of biological and physical origins. Most discussions in the newsgroup center on the creation/evolution controversy, but other topics of discussion include the origin of life, geology, biology, catastrophism, cosmology and theology. The TalkOrigins Archive is a collection of articles and essays, most of which have appeared in talk.origins at one time or another. The primary reason for this archive's existence is to provide mainstream scientific responses to the many frequently asked questions (FAQs) that appear in the talk.origins newsgroup and the frequently rebutted assertions of those advocating intelligent design or other creationist pseudosciences.
The Human Genome Project: "To Know Ourselves" - The U.S. Department of Energy and the human genome project: At the end of the road in Little Cottonwood Canyon, near Salt Lake City, Alta is a place of near-mythic renown among skiers. In time it may well assume similar status among molecular geneticists. In December 1984, a conference there, co-sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, pondered a single question: Does modern DNA research offer a way of detecting tiny genetic mutations -- and, in particular, of observing any increase in the mutation rate among the survivors of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings and their descendants? In short the answer was, Not yet. But in an atmosphere of rare intellectual fertility, the seeds were sown for a project that would make such detection possible in the future -- the Human Genome Project. In the months that followed, much deliberation and debate ensued. But in 1986, the DOE took a bold and unilateral step by announcing its Human Genome Initiative, convinced that its mission would be well served by a comprehensive picture of the human genome. The immediate response was considerable skepticism -- skepticism about the scientific community's technological wherewithal for sequencing the genome at a reasonable cost and about the value of the result, even if it could be obtained economically. Things have changed. Today, a decade later, a worldwide effort is under way to develop and apply the technologies needed to completely map and sequence the human genome, as well as the genomes of several model organisms. Technological progress has been rapid, and it is now generally agreed that this international project will produce the complete sequence of the human genome by the year 2005.
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Links to Genetics Sites: WWW Links related to Genetics and Evolution.
The Modern Synthesis of Genetics and Evolution: Copyright © 1993-1997 by Laurence Moran [Last Update: January 22, 1993] many people do not understand current ideas about evolution. The following is a brief summary of the modern consensus among evolutionary biologists.
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American Museum of Natural History: The American Museum of Natural History was established in 1869 in a world very different from today's. Even by the late 19th century, we did not have a firm knowledge of many of Earth's land regions and oceans, the diversity of cultures outside of western societies, and the essential history and organization of life on Earth. Darwin's revolutionary Origin of Species had been published only ten years before. It would be 30 more years before the structure of the atom would be revealed and the laws of heredity disclosed, 40 years before Einstein would share his theories of relativity, and 132 years before the entire three billion nucleotides of the human genome would be mapped.
Museum of Evolution Warsaw Poland
Natural History Museum, London: "The Natural History Museum is an international leader in the scientific study of the natural world. Our science describes the present diversity of nature, promotes understanding of the critical importance of its past, and develops knowledge that supports anticipation and management of the impact of human activity on the environment. Our research covers a broad range of scientific questions, centred on systematics, the science of the diversity of organisms, which is fundamental to all scientific study of the natural world. Systematics enables us to investigate past evolution and current patterns of biodiversity, and includes taxonomy – the theory and practice of naming, describing and classifying organisms. For the Museum, systematics also covers the study of minerals, rocks and meteorites. The Museum has a unique combination of broad-based scientific expertise and one of the world's largest collections of natural objects (plants, animals, fossils and minerals). Our expertise lies in the knowledge and experience of our 300 scientific staff members, some of whom are responsible for the complex processes of conservation and management of the immense collections."
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Strange Science: The Rocky Road to Modern Paleontology and Biology: A collection of misguided attempts to explain natural history, including honest and dishonest mistakes about dinosaurs, mammals, sea monsters and prehistoric beasts - "Ever wonder how people figured out there used to be such things as dinosaurs? Curious about how scientists learned to reconstruct fossil skeletons? The knowledge we take for granted today was slow in coming, and along the way, scientists and scholars had some weird ideas. This Web site shows some of their mistakes, provides a timeline of events, gives biographies of a few of the people who have gotten us where we are today, and lists resources you can use to learn more."
U.C. Berkeley Museum of Paleontology Public Exhibits: "Paleontology is a rich field, imbued with a long and interesting past and an even more intriguing and hopeful future. Many people think Paleontology is the study of fossils. Paleontology is much more. It is the study of what fossils tell us about the ecologies of the past, about evolution, and about our place, as humans, in the world. Paleontology incorporates knowledge from biology, geology, ecology, anthropology, archaeology, and even computer science to understand the processes that have led to the origination and eventual destruction of the different types of animals since life arose. The exhibits that we have set up here are created by Paleontogists. More than just an overview of the diversity that has existed through time on this planet, the exhibits also highlite some of the research Paleontologists are conducting at the Museum of Paleontology. The exhibit might be visualized as starting at the center of a museum with halls spreading in each direction. Off the main hallway, many a smaller branch spread. Unlike normal hallways, the hallways you are following are actually the path that evolution is supposed to have taken. These halls are called scientifically cladograms and they show explicitly the ancestor and decendent relationships among lineages or groups of animals. Reconstructing this pattern of ancestry and descent is one of the many important areas where fossil information proves vital. "
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A Model of an Internal Evolutionary Mechanism: Based on an extension to homeostasis this (testable) model proposes an internal evolutionary mechanism linking "Stationary-Phase Mutations" to the "The Baldwin Effect"
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Directed Mutation and Homeostasis: A Commentary on the psychological reception given to "The Origin of Mutants" (Cairns et al., Nature, 1988) and that initially accorded Galileo's "Heliocentric Theory": In 1988 a minor collision occurred between natural reality and evolutionary theory when an article entitled "The Origin of Mutants" [1] appeared in Nature Magazine. The authors (Cairns et al.) reported experiments in which advantageous mutations in bacteria appeared to have happened with a greater frequency than conventional theory could account for. Subsequent experiments producing similar results have been performed by other scientists one of whom, Barry Hall, has said "Mutations that occur more when they`re useful than when they`re not: that I can document any day, every day, in the laboratory" [2]. Various mechanisms have been proposed to account for the phenomena, research continues and links to web-sites containing commentaries and details of specific experiments are appended [3]. Much of the furore which followed publication of the original article was invoked by how the results of the experiments were interpreted. For example, the sentence "We describe here experiments and some circumstantial evidence suggesting that bacteria can choose which mutations they should produce" caused many people to make an immediate association with the theories of Lamarck and predictably generated a storm of protest. In circumstances such as these the significance of any discovery tends to become secondary as arguments and counter-arguments rage and consequently attempts have been made to find a description of the phenomena less emotive than the original one of "Directed Mutation": "[the mutations]...have been called "adaptive", "directed", "Cairnsian", "selection-induced", "stationary-phase", "stressful lifestyle-associated mutations (SLAM)", and even "Fred" by one researcher who gave up trying to find a name that would not inflame critics" (my italics).
Encyclopedia of Psychology: Use the "Search" function to locate "Environment Behavior Relationships:Animal Behavior-Instincts" (& Other Topics).
Evolution: In biology, evolution is change in the heritable traits of a population over successive generations. This is determined by variation in the units of heredity ("shifts in the allele frequency of genes")and the reproductive success of any variation. Over time, this process can result in speciation, the development of new species from existing ones. All contemporary organisms on earth are related to each other through common descent, the products of cumulative evolutionary changes over billions of years. Evolution is thus responsible for the vast diversity of life on Earth, including the many extinct species attested to in the fossil record.
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BioCrawler: Life Science Search Engine and Directory.
Evolution: Creation, Darwin, Lamarck or Natural?: Discussion forum - join now!.
Evolution Research - Amazon Book Shop (UK) Powered by Amazon UK with instant access to all main Amazon Astore categories but with a Front Page emphasis on Evolution Books. Current sub-sections of the Books category include everything from Art & Architecture to Technical & Medical.
Evolution Research - Amazon Book Shop (US) Similar to the above.
Evolution "Where Darwin meets Lamarck?" Chat and Discussion Center: A discussion group with an emphasis on concepts and discoveries consistent with the possible existence of an internal evolutionary mechanism.
Today's Science News: Updated every 15 minutes. All major News-Feeds monitored.
Web Rings: Enter "Evolution" in the search box and obtain a list of webrings which can then be surfed - Darwin's Web Ring, Paleontology Web Riing etc., etc..
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ABC News: This link accesses the Science section.
American Scientist: Free
HMS Beagle: Free Membership
Nature: Restricted Membership without Subscription
New Scientist: Restricted
Science Frontiers: Free
Science Week: Free
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Harvard University: Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology. Biology Links: Evolution.
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© John Latter 2005
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