6.2.2 Antonym This term means the contradictory or opposite meaning between two utterances, such as good and bad, happy and sad, etc. This relation can be consisting of the followings: 1. absolute antonym: it is always right, such as dead and alive. 2. relative antonym: it is not absolute. The words big and small are relative, because something big to a person may be small to other people. It depends on the situation. Five million rupiahs may be much money to some people but little to other people. 3. relational antonym: it means the one depends on the other one. For instance wife and husband, if the wife is dead or diforced the husband is not a husband any more but a widower. 6.2.3 Polysemy The condition of an utterance having more than one meaning is called polysemy. The word head for instance can mean 1. the upper part of human body, 2. leader, 3. the source of a river, 4. the superior, etc. 6.2.4 Homonymy It means that two utterances have the same spelling or pronunciation but their meanings are different at all. It can be homophone or homograph. In English one and won are homonym/homophone; in Indonesian mengukur 'to measure' and mengukur 'to grate' are homonym/homograph. And so are bill 'proposed law' and bill 'the mouth of bird' 6.2.5 Hyponymy It means that two utterances where the first one belongs to (included in) or the member of the other one. The word dog and animal are hyponymy since dog belongs to animal. Other examples are pig and mammal, Indonesia and Asia. 6.2.6 Ambiguity It means that there is an ambiguity of meaning or more than one meaning due to the structure of an utterance. The phrase the ugly teacher's wife, isteri guru yang jelek itu can mean that the wife is ugly or the teacher is ugly. In English for instance the shooting of the hunter can mean the process of shooting the hunter ( to shoot the hunter) or the process of the hunter shot something. Other examples are 'Flying plane is dangerous', 'my beautiful cat's tail'. 6.3 Semantic Field Words which belong to one group are in one semantic field. Words like red, green, blue etc. belong to colors, while doctor, soldier, teacher, clerk, nurse etc. belong to occupations. Roget divides words into 1042 groups of two hundred and fifty thousand words (Parera, 1991). 6.4 Semantic Components This term means the components of meaning conceived by a word. For instance the word father has the semantic components of man, adult, male, married, having children. The word mother also has those components except male. These components can differentiate the meaning conceived between two words, besides giving similarities of them. To show that a word has the component it is usually given the mark +, and for does not have, as the following. components father mother 1. human + + 2. adult + + 3. male + 6.5 Change of Meaning Meaning of certain word can change because of some reasons. Diachronically the meaning can be changed because of development of science and technology, development of social and culture, the usage of word of certain field in other fileds, association, the change of sense organ, pejorative and ameliorative, and development of terms (Chaer, 1994). 1) Development of science and technology In Indonesian when someone goes or travels by ship, it is said 'berlayar'. It is because formerly the ship moves by using the sails (layar). But now the ships do not use any sail anymore. So the word berlayar changes from 'go by ship that is driven by sails' to 'to go by ship that is driven by the engine. Another example is the word 'kereta api' It was called because it was a cart (train) that is driven by fire that makes the steam that moves the train. But now fire is not used anymore to make the steam. Now the engine is used to move the train. One more is the word 'manuskrip' which means 'hand writing', but now although the text that is going to be printed is typed by using computer, it is still called 'manuskrip (manuscript)' 2)Development of Social and Culture In Indonesian the word 'saudara' formerly meant the person who was born from the same mother. Now because of social and culture it means any person who has the same level as the speaker. The word 'ibu' meant the woman from whom you were born. But now it is also used to call the woman who is much older than you. The word 'sarjana' formerly meant the person who was expert in something or knew a lot things although someone who never sat at the university. Nowadays it means only for those who have graduated from the university. 3) The usage of a word in one field in other fields or in general The word 'menuai' and 'menabur' are formerly were only used in agriculture field. Nowadays they are also used in other fields. So we can say 'menabur kejahatan dan menuai penderitaan, atau menabur kebaikan akan menuai kebaikan. The word jurusan' actually means the direction to show where someone goes, but now it also means the branch of a faculty (school). The new meaning of a word which still has similarity belong to polysemy such as the meaning of 'head' in 'the head of the snake' and 'the head of the office'. So is the word 'membajak' means to cultivate the land, but now it also means to get profit by force, such as in 'membajak pesawat'. 4) Association It means there is association of meaning between the former usage and the new one. For instance in Indonesian the word 'amplop' which means the cover of the letter. But it also means money given to bribe someone, such as in 'Supaya urusan cepat selesai sediakan saja amplop'. |