5) The Change of Sense Organ It means that the condition or attribute that is usually used for one sense organ is used in another sense organ, such as the word 'kasar' (harsh) which is usually by skin (feeling), but now it is used also to show the behavior (by eyes or seeing). Other words are 'manis', 'enak' attributes for food (tasting by the tongue) but they also used for things not belonging to food, such as 'suaranya enak didengar', 'warnanya enak dipandang'. This process is called synesthesia. 6) Pejorative and Ameliorative Pejorative means that the word is considered low (status), that is way another word is used which is higher, such the words 'laki' and 'bini' are considered low, so that the words 'suami' and 'istri' are used. The process of becoming lower is called pejorative (degrade, derogatory) and of becoming higher is called ameliorative (better, enhance). So are the words 'babe', 'papi', and 'mami' which are considered higher than 'ayah', 'bapa', and ' ibu'. 7) Development of Terms The meaning of word can expand, such as the word 'papan' in Indonesian actually means a piece of wood or board, but now it means housing. And the word 'sandang' which means a piece of cloth, expands to clothes. 6.6 Kinds of Change The kinds of change can be widening, narrowing, total change, euphemism, and making harsher (Chaer, 1994). 1) Widening means that the meaning of a word becomes wider, such as the word 'saudara' actually means a man who has the same father and mother as the speaker, but now it also means all relatives, or even all people beloging to the same level. Likewise the word 'adik', 'kakak' and 'ibu'. Another example is the word 'xerox' which is the trade mark of a photographic machine, now becomes a new verb meaning to make a photographic copy of something (to photocopy). 2) Narrowing means that the meaning of the word becomes narrower, such as the word 'sarjana' which has been mentioned before. The word 'sarjana' formerly meant the person who was expert in something or knew a lot things although someone who never sat at the university. Nowadays it means only for those who have graduated from a university. 3) Total change means that the meaning is totally changed from the previous meaning, such as the word 'canggih' formerly meant 'cerewet', now means high technology (hightech). 4) Euphemism means the use of another word which is considered more polite than certain word, such as the word 'bui' or 'penjara' is changed to 'lambaga pemasyarakatan', and 'pemecatan' is replaced by 'pemutusan hubungan kerja (PHK), and 'buta' is replaced by 'tuna netra'. 5) Making harsher means that the change of another word which is harsher than certain word, 'kalah' replaced by 'masuk kotak', 'mengeluarkan' is replaced by 'mendepak'. References: Parera (1991), Verhaar (1993), Chaer (1994) Kridalaksana (1993), Anderson (1979) |
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