| 4.3 Word Order Word order is one of the most fundamental of structural markers. Word Order means the order of words in the sentence of a language. Although it is possible to have more than one word order, we can decide the basic order that is the order which is the most frequently used by its native speakers. The basic order of Indonesian is Subject Verb Object (SVO). English also has SVO. Japanese, Turkish, and Latin have SOV. Hebrew and Welsh have VSO (Pit Corder, 1973:227). Masenrempulu/Endekang has VOS. These are the examples of SOV sentences: Japanese: Watashi wa hon o yomu. I s.marker book o.marker read Subj Obj Verb Latin (Elson and Pickett, 1976:87): Filia columbam liberat. 'The daughter frees the dove.' daughter dove free Femina filiam amat. 'The woman loves the daughter.' woman daughter love Aquila feminam salvat. 'The eagle saves the woman.' eagle woman save Columba aquilam amat. 'The dove loves the eagle.' dove eagle love Subj Obj verb Most of the languages in Irian Jaya, Papuan and some Austronesian families have Subject Object Verb (SOV), such as: In Tobati: Nhu fyayucre wa. 'I ate sweet potatoes.' I s.potato eat In Ekagi Ani nota nai. 'I eat sweet potatoes.' I s.potato eat Subj Obj verb In Turkish the order is OV, such as in (Verhar, 1999): Kopegi gordu. dog see (for 3rd person singular) 'He sees the dog.' Welsh or Samoan is VSO. Toba Batak, according to Keenan quoted by Cole and Sadock (1980:254), is Verb Object Subject (VOS). Although there are six possibilities of basic order, only four normally occur: SVO, SOV, VSO, and VOS. 4.4 Basic Sentence Patterns Stageberg states that each Basic Sentence Pattern has five function classes: subject of verb, predicator, direct object of verb, indirect object of verb, and subjective complement. He gives 7 basic patterns of English. Gatherer (1986) mentions that each basic sentence consists of subject ? predicator, subject?predictor ?object, and subject?predicator?object?adverbials. Brewster and Brewster (1977:322) say that there are usually seven basic sentence patterns: intransitive, transitive, reflexive, equative, descriptive, possessive, and locative. the basic sentence patterns are similar to the division sentences based on the form of predicate. The following includes examples of each type: 1. intransitive The dog sleeps. 2. transitive I broke the chair. 3. reflexive The man shaved himself. 4. equative An oak is a tree. 5. descriptive The lady is beautiful. 6. possessive The car is mine. 7. locative She is at the store. According to Samsuri (1978:237) Indonesian has five basic sentence patterns; namely, 1. noun phrase + noun phrase, 2. noun phrase + verb phrase, 3. noun phrase + adjective phrase, 4. noun phrase + prepositional phrase, and 5. noun phrase + numeral phrase. 4.5 Sentence/Compound Sentence Based on the number of clauses a sentence has, sentences can be divided into simple sentence and compound sentences. Simple sentence is the sentence that has only one clause, while compound has more than one clause. Compound sentences can be divided into two, namely coordinative and complex. .A coordinative compound is a sentence that consists of two or more main clauses and usually are connected with clause markers (coordinating conjunctions) such as: and, but, or, so, for, and yet; Some other clause markers (transitional conjunction) which are usually after semicolon are however, nevertheless, in addition, as a result, on the other hand, furthermore, and moreover; (what about: namely, for instance, that is (to say)). A complex sentence is a sentence that consists of a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses; and subordinate clauses can be noun clause, adjective clause, and adverb clause. Examples: A. coordinative: a: equal, e.g. I was reading and you were sleeping. b. contradictory, e.g. I like it but you hate it. c. choice, e.g. I take it or you leave it. B. complex: sentence with noun clause that can be with clause markers: that, how, how many, how much, what, when, where, why, whom, whose, and which. e.g. I know that you were sick. sentence with adjective clause that can be with clause markers: who, whom, whose, which, that, and sometimes where, when, and why. e.g. The man who stole the money has been arrested. sentence with adverb clause: that can be with clause markers: after, as long as, because, as if, although, while, when, and since. adverb of time e.g. He came when I was reading. adverb of place e.g. He bought the book where you bought the pen. adverb of reason e.g. He was angry because the woman was lazy. adverb of purpose |