| e.g. He's working hard in order that he will be rich. adverb of condition e.g. He will come if you give him the money. adverb of likeness e.g. He eats as the pig does. He can run as a horse does. adverb of comparison e.g. He is better than I thought. adverb of concessive Although he is sick, he comes to work. adverb of result e.g. He has worked hard so that he is rich. Sentence Analysis There are some ways to analyze a sentence. The simple way is just to show the function and the class (filler) of each elements of the sentence. The other way by describing the function, the filler, and the role of each elements. What we mean by the function is whether the phrase or word functions as the subject, predicate, object, or the adjunct (time, place, etc.). Sometimes the function is also called slot. The class is whether the construction belongs to noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition/postposition, numeral, article, interjection, conjunction, and pronoun. Let's do this simple one. 1) Yesterday morning my mother went to the market and I stayed home. ????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????- clause I conj. Clause II First we can say that the sentence consists of two coordinative clauses. And the first clause consists of four phrases: Yesterday morning my mother went to the market ????????????????? ????????? ???? ???????????? adju.time subject pre. adju.place adverb phrase noun phr verb prep. phrase yesterday morning my mother to the market ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? attri head att. head dir axis adv. noun poss. noun prep noun the market ??????????? att head art noun The second clause: I stayed home ?? ?????? ?????? sub. pre. adju.place pro verb noun 2) He came when I was sleeping. ?? ???? ??????????????????? sub. pred. adju.of time n v conjunctive phrase when I was sleeping ???? ??????????????? dir axis conj clause I was sleeping ??? ????????????? sub pre pro v.phr was sleeping att head to be v One of the ways to analyze a construction by using diagrams is as follows. The beautiful young lady bought an expensive bag. -----------------------------|---------|-------------------- --------------|-------------- -------- ----|----------------- -------|-------- ---------|-------- Another way to analyze a word, a phrase, or a sentence is what we call immediate constituent (IC). It is a way of showing language structure, by making successive divisions into two parts. each of which is called immediate constituent. Example: ungentlemantly 1. un + gentlemanly 2. gentleman + ly 3. gentle + man When we analyze a sentence using transformation, first we must see the deep structure of the sentence (surface structure). And then explain what transformations have occurred to make the sentence as it is. One of the basic ideas of transformational grammar is that the sentences we normally produce and understand (what we will call surface sentences) can be derived from a number of underlying sentences of elemental simplicity. The surface structure may have been transformed several times from the deep structure such as rearrangement, addition, deletion, embedding (subordinative), conjoining (coordinative), interrogative transformation, negative transformation, passive transformation etc. |