The objective directive exocentric phrases can consist of: 1. Verb and NP, e.g. kill the pig 2. Verb and Verb, e.g. want to go, stop singing 3. Verb and clause, e.g. cant make the car go 4. Verb and single vertical stroke or double vertical stroke, e.g. giving him some money, show her how to go, told him that she is sick (Hockett:196). The examples of conjunctive directive phrase are if he comes, when he arrives, but not until tomorrow, because tomorrow is not a clause. The example of connective phrase is grew quickly, grew is the connective not the head, the head is the subject of the clause. 4.2 Clause and Sentence A clause is unit of utterance consisting of at least a subject and a predicate. The difference between a clause and a sentence is that the sentence ends with final intonation. Thus, a sentence can be defined as a unit of utterance consisting a least a subject and predicate and has a final intonation. Elson and Pickett defines a clause as any string of tagmeme which consists of or include one and only one predicate or predicate like tagmeme among the constituent tagmeme of the string, and whose manisfesting morpheme sequence typically, but not always, fills slots on the sentence level; a sentence as a grammatical unit in the level above the clause and under the paragraph, isolable and has a final intonation. A single sentence can have the same components as a clause. A sentence can have more than one clause, that is a compound sentence. Hockett divides kinds of clauses/single sentences based on the form of the predicate, mode, and voice. Clauses can be divided into main clause and subordinate clause. The subordinate clause is the part of the main clause. The subordinate clause can be noun clause, that is the clause that functions as the subject or the object of the main clause; the adjective clause is the clause that modifies the subject or the object of the main clause; the adverb clause is the clause that modifies the predicate of the main clause. A. Kinds of sentence based on the form of the predicate. 1. intransitive I run. 2. transitive I stole a car. 3. descriptive I am sick. 4. possessive The car is mine. 5. equative Ali is a teacher. 6. locative She is here. B. Kinds of sentence based on mode: (Mode shows differing degrees or kinds of reality, desirability, or contingency of an event (Hockett, 1955) or psychological attitude toward the action, or with the degree or kind of reality (Elson & Pickett, 1976) 1. indicative or declarative (indicating a more or less neutral, objective attitude) 2. optative (indicating hope) 3. desirative (indicating desire) 4. intentive (indicating intention) 5. interrogative (indicating a question) 6. negative (indicating denial) 7. quotative (indicating that someone other than the speaker is originally responsible for the statement) 8. dubitative (indicating doubt) 9. conditional (indicating that an actions conditioned in its occurrence 10. subjunctive (indicating some contingent (liable/likely, but not certain to happen) character of an action) 11. obligatory (indicating obligation) 12. permissive ( indicating a permission granted) 13. imperative (indicating a command) C. Kinds of sentence based on voice (relationship of the participant to the action): 1. active, e.g. he killed a dog, puer amat 'the boy loves' 2. passive, e.g. a dog was killed by him, puer amatur 'the boy is loved' 3. reflexive, e.g. She hurts herself. 4. causative, e.g. He made her cry. 5. reciprocal, e.g. The hit each other. 6. transitive, e.g. He hit the man. 7. intransitive, e.g. He ran. 8. benefactive, e.g. He bought me a cat, He bought a cat for me 9. impersonal, e.g. The wind blows gently. Active means the subject does an action. Passive means the subject is the target of the action. Reflexive means the subject does an action for him/herself. Reciprocal means the subject which are plural do the action reciprocally. Causative means the subject is cause of the occurrence of one action or situation. Transitive means the action carries over to a goal. Intransitive means the action does not carry over to a goal. Benefactive means the actor acts for the benefit of someone else. Impersonal means the subject is impersonal. |