4.1.1.1 Attributive (Subordinative) We call a phrase attributive when the constituents consist of head and attribute (modifier). The phrase beautiful girls similar to one of the constituents that is girls. The nuclear of the phrase is called head and the one that modifies is called modifier or attribute. Other attributive endocentric phrases are: bad boys, good mother, big houses, red car, run fast, walk slowly, very big, etc. 4.1.1.2 Coordinative When each constituents of a phrase has the same level, it is called coordinative phrases. The phrase father and mother in Mother and Father love us all is coordinative, because father and mother are the same level. The two or more constituents are usually connected with a conjunction like and and or. Sometimes the conjunction is not used. Other examples are you and I, drink or eat, joy and sorrow, beautiful but wicked, etc. In this kind of phrase both constituents are head, there is no attribute. 4.1.1.3 Appositive In this kind of phrase both the constituents refer to the same thing. Both constituents can have their places exchanged. Some examples are: Suharto, our president is opening the meeting tomorrow. Mrs. Suci, my teacher will come here next week. English, the international language should be mastered by all scientists. 4.1.2 Exocentric It is a phrase when none of its constituents have the same class as the whole constituents. The phrase at home, for instance, does not have the same class as either at or home, because at home is adverb of place, while at is function word which does not mean anything without other word, and home is a noun. Exocentric can be divided into directive, connective, and predicative. The directive one consists of director and axis. Directive can be prepositional, objective, conjunctive such as on the table, saw you, while we were there. In conjunctive phrase the axis is usually a clause, like when he comes. Connective means that one of the elements is the connector and the other one is a predicate attribute, such as grew big, become sick. Predicative consists of a topic and a comment, such as something nice, the man responsible for the job, the man stealing the money in I ate something nice. and The man responsible for the job has run away., and The man stealing the money has been caught. In Indonesian for instance: mangga jatuh in Dia makan mangga jatuh. or pohon tumbang in Pohon tumbang itu telah disingkirkan dari jalan. or gunung meletus in Gunung meletus selalu membawa kerugian dan keuntungan or demo mengecam AS in Demo mengecam AS muncul di mana-mana baik di dalam maupun di luar negeri. In the section of phrase, the students need to know the patterns of phrases patterns for noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, adverb phrases, prepositional phrases that occur in a language. For example, describe the possible patterns of noun phrases. What is the pattern or order of words for noun phrase with a noun modifier (indicating what it is made of, part whole, possessive), adjective modifier, adverb modifier, possessive modifier (pronoun), demonstrative modifier, pre/post positional phrase modifier, verb modifier, coordinative of nun phrases, etc. ? Does the noun phrase always have a modifier + head or head + modifier? What is the pattern if there are three components in a noun phrase such as 'my big house' instead of 'big my house'*, and 'little red car' instead of 'red little car'*, or four components such as 'that big house of mine' instead of 'my that big house'*, but we can say 'my little red car'* instead of 'little red my car'*. It means that in English we cannot place the possessive immediately before or after the article the, a and the demonstratives this, that, these, those. To show posssessive, in English there are particles or devices of and 's such as 'the baker's wife' or the wife of the baker', but in Indonesian there isn't any. In daily conversations some Indonesians use 'dari' or 'dari pada', but it is not standard. For verb phrases, give the patterns of verbal phrases that consist of verb with adverb of manner modifier, verb with verb modifier, verb with adverb of frequency modifier, verb with adverb of time modifier, verb with adverb of place modifier, objective directive exocentric phrases (see examples below), connective exocentric phrases, coordinative of verb phrases, etc. For adjective phrases, explain the patterns of phrases consisting of adverb modifier, adjective modifier, elative adverb modifier (very big), excessive adverb modifier (too big), augmentative adverb modifier (bigger and bigger), attenuative adverb modifier (rather weak), coordinative phrases of adjective, etc. Describe all possible patterns for each group (noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase, adverb phrase and prepositional phrase) and give examples. Describe the order of words in the phrase for each group; for instance, in English we have the order: article + adjective + noun, like in 'the small book', and the order: possessive + adjective + noun, like in 'my small book'; but if we have article and possessive, the order becomes article + adjective + noun + possessive like in 'the small book of mine', we cannot place the article or demonstrative pronoun and the possessive immediately one after the other like 'the my small book'*. What is the pattern or order of elements of a verb phrase if the modifier is a modal, a verb, an adverb of frequency, an adverb of manner, etc. What is the pattern or order of elements of the adjective phrase if the modifier is an adverb of augmentative (bigger and bigger), adverb of frequency, adverb of attenuative (rather), adverb of excessive (too), and adverb of elative (very)? Are there any coordinate phrases like ibu bapa 'mother and father' in Indonesian, and appositional phrase like my girl friend Maisy? division diagram of phrases based on relation of elements and the whole phrase phrases: 1.endocentric: 1.attributive > attribute & head (modifier) 2.coordinative > head & head 3.appositive 2.exocentric: 1.directive: 1.prepos: director & axis prep n (relator & axis) 2.objective: director&axis tr.v n 3. conjunctive: dir.& axis conj. & cls 2.connective: connector & pred. attrib. (3.predicative: topic & comment) Hock ett:191)? |