�� Grammar: Verbs

First Conj|Second Conj|Third Conj|Third io|Fourth Conj

Principal Parts

The various forms a verb can generally be deduced from four key forms called prinicipal parts.

Stems

The present stem is what remains when the infinitive ending -re is removed from the second principal part. The final vowel in the stem is called the stem vowel.

The perfect stem is what remains when the perfect active ending is removed from the 3rd principal part.

The participal stem is what remains when the ending is removed from the 4th principal part (or the 3rd in the case of deponent verbs)

Regular verbs are divided into four different conjugations according to their stem vowels:

STEM VOWEL	CONJUGATION
-a-	1st conjugation
-e-(long)	2nd conjugation
-e-(short)	3rd conjugation
-i-	4th conjugation

Personal Endings

In latin, the person and number of a verb is determined by the personal endings.

Active
For the indicative present, imperfect, future, pluperfect, and future perfect and for the subjunctive present, imperfect, and pluperfect, the endings are:

PERSON	SINGULAR	PLURAL
1st person	-o, -m (I)	-mus (we)
2nd person	-s (you)	-tis (you all, y'all, etc.)
3rd person	-t (he/she/it)	-n (they)

Passive
For the indicative present, imperfect, future, and for the subjunctive present, and imperfect, the endings are:

PERSON	SINGULAR	PLURAL
1st person	-r	-mur
2nd person	-ris	-mini
3rd person	-tur	-ntur

Perfect Active

For perfect indicative only.

PERSON	SINGULAR	PLURAL
1st person	-i	-imus
2nd person	-isti	-istis
3rd person	-it	-erunt

The Conjugations

Note:Due to the size of the charts, the links will open a new browser window.

First Conjugation
Active | PassiveSecond Conjugation
Active | PassiveThird Conjugation
Active | PassiveThird Conjugation (-io)
Active | PassiveFourth Conjugation
Active | Passive