Section 7: Overview of the IDE Interface |
The Integrated Drive Electronics ( IDE ) is the primary interface used to connect a hard disk drive to a PC and refers to the fact that the interface electronics or controller is built into the drives themselves, these include CD-ROM, DVD, CD/RW, high-capacity floppy and tape drives. The IDE connector on motherboards in many systems is nothing more than a stripped down bus slot. In ATA IDE installations, these connectors normally contain a 40-pin subset of the 98 pins that would be available in a standard 16-bit ISA bus slot.
Copies of any of the published standards can be purchased from ANSI or Global Engineering Documents. ATA-5 includes ultra-ATA/66, which doubles the ultra-ATA burst transfer rate by reducing set-up times and increasing the clock rate. The faster clock rate increases interference, which causes problems with the standard 40-pin cable. To eliminate noise and interference, a new 40-pin, 80-conductor cable was developed. This cable was first announced in ATA-4, but now is mandatory in ATA-5 to support the ultra-ATA/66 mode. This cable adds 40 additional ground lines between each of the original 40 ground and signal lines, which help shield the signals from interference. This cable will work with older non-ultra-ATA devices as well. The new cable will support the Cable Select feature and have color coded connectors. The blue end connector should be connected to the ATA host interface (usually the motherboard). The black opposite end connector is known as the Master position, which is where the primary drive will plug in. The gray middle connector is for the Slave position.
7-3: Why not CD/RW and Hard drive on same Channel
When only one drive is installed, the controller responds to all commands from the system. When two drives and therefore two controllers are installed all commands from the system are received by both controllers. Each controller then must be set up to respond only to commands for itself, thus Master / Slave. Most CD-ROM, Tape Drives, DVD and CD/RW run at lower IDE mode speeds, this would force your hard disk to run slower if they shared a single cable. IDE does not normally support overlapping access such as SCSI, basically, when one drive is running the other can not be accessed. By keeping them on separate channels, you can more effectively overlap accessing between them. This is why in a system with 4 devices, that includes a Zip drive, the Zip is connected to Pri IDE as slave, it can not support the transfer rate and should never be in use while the CD/RW is in the "burn" process.
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7-4: A word about SCSI and IDE: ( author; VinTek )
A couple of years ago, I would have told you to make sure that your CD-ROM and CD-RW
drives were on separate channels. This was because EIDE drives were notoriously unreliable
in managing I/O tasks on the same channel. You would get buffer underruns and the result
would be a coaster. Recently, however, CD-RW drives have improved to the degree (through
larger buffers and other such improvements) that many people, including myself, routinely
install both drives on the secondary channel.
However, you still have EIDE drives, which in turn means that your CPU is handling the I/O
chores. CD-RW drives have improved to the point where buffer underruns are much less
frequent than they used to be, but you'll still risk a coaster if you try to do too much
while burning a CD. The load on the CPU would distract it from the burn, and boom! Buffer
underrun. That is why most of us recommend that you turn off all unrelated programs, such
as antivirus utilities and screensavers, while burning a CD. I go the extra mile by
creating a fixed swap drive so that Windows does not try to resize it during the burn.
This brings us to SCSI. Because of the improvement in IDE drives, SCSI doesn't hold as
much of an advantage as it used to, but it's still the closest you can get to having
bulletproof burns. This is because the SCSI controller chip takes over the job of managing
the I/O tasks from the CPU. I have seen SCSI systems complete a burn through to disk
finalization even after a BSOD! That is impressive. With a good SCSI card, you can daisy
chain up to 27 devices (cheaper ones max out at about 7). Drawbacks are expense (both in
terms of the card and the peripheral) and complexity. There is the bother of having to set
the SCSI ID and terminate the last device in the chain. In addition, naturally, if you
truly want a bulletproof burn, then both your source and target should be SCSI. This means
having to have a SCSI hard drive and SCSI CD-ROM/DVD player.
Is SCSI worth it? If you burn a lot of CDs (maybe you have to back up and archive
databases on a regular basis; maybe you're a music fiend and want to custom-mix a lot of
audio CDs), then yes, the added reliability is probably worth the money. If you are like
most people who just want to back up files and occasionally want to mix a CD for your car,
then stick with EIDE.
A word about USB. They are pretty neat. At this point, I have seen them go up to 4X,
meaning that you can burn a CD in about 19 minutes. This is in contrast to 8X drives,
which will take about 10.5 minutes. There are some 12X drives around, but I have not had
any experience with them. Those are CD-R times, by the way. CD-RW times are often, but not
always, twice the CD-R times. What you gain is the fact that you do not take up any extra
IRQs and you also get portability.
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7-5: A brief History on ATA interface, Transfer Modes and Speeds
ATA was original created in form for small-capacity low-cost drives. It has evolved long with the needs of modern PC, higher capacities and faster access times. The standard hard drives in most PC`s use the ATA Attachment interface and now most new CD-ROM / CD-RW drives also use one of the more recent versions of ATA. What makes ATA so appealing is its simplicity, connecting them require only two cables, a signal cable and a power cable. You do not have to worry about RLL data coding, modulation techniques or proper termination.
Around the time Seagate developed Fast ATA, Western Digital sought to strengthen the original ATA standard, Enhanced IDE / EIDE. Later the two groups united, standardization of ATA was developed and approved. All aspects of both Fast ATA and EIDE are now part of the official standard. In 1996 ATA-2 standard, faster transfers became officially sanctioned. In 1998 the packet interface that extended official ATA support to CD / CD-RW drives and other devices was added under ATA-4.
The information available is extensive, but ordinarily you need only be concerned with modes and transfer rates when you are selecting a hard disk drive to match with your PC. In operation your PC`s BIOS will automatically recognize the device and set itself up for the fastest operating mode that it shares with your hard disk drive. Below is a chart showing relevant Transfer modes and Speeds.
Transfer Mode | Cycle time in Nanoseconds | Speed in MBps | Standard |
PIO Mode 0 | 600 | 1.67 | ATA |
PIO Mode 1 | 383 | 2.61 | ATA |
PIO Mode 2 | 240 | 4.17 | ATA |
PIO Mode 3 | 180 | 11.1 | ATA-2 |
PIO Mode 4 | 120 | 16.7 | ATA-3 |
PIO Mode 5 | 90 | 22 | |
Ultra DMA Mode 0 | 235 | 16 | ATA-4 |
Ultra DMA Mode 1 | 160 | 24 | ATA-4 |
Ultra DMA Mode 2 | 120 | 33.3 | ATA-4 |
Ultra DMA Mode 3 | 90 | 45 | ATA-4 |
Ultra DMA Mode 4 | 60 | 66.6 | ATA-5 |
Ultra DMA Mode 5 | 100 | ATA-5 |
Specification | ATA | ATA 2 | ATA 3 | ATA/ATAPI 4 | ATA/ATAPI 5 |
Max Transfer Modes | PIO 1 | PIO 4 DMA 2 |
PIO 4 DMA 2 |
PIO 4 DMA 2 UDMA 2 |
PIO 4 DMA 2 UDMA 4 |
Max Transfer Rate | 4 Mbytes/sec |
16 Mbytes/sec |
16 Mbytes/sec |
33 Mbytes/sec |
66 Mbyte/sec |
Max Connections | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 per cable | 2 per cable |
Cable Required | 40-pin | 40-pin | 40-pin | 40-pin | 40-pin, 80-conductor |
Additional Features | - Base | - Speed - Synchronous Transfers |
- S.M.A.R.T. - Secure Mode |
- Queuing - Overlap - ATAPI |
- Speed - Data Reliability |
Year Introduced | 1981 | 1994 | 1996 | 1997 | 1999 |
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7-6: What is Ultra3 SCSI and some of its advantages?
What is Ultra3 SCSI?
Ultra3 SCSI is the next generation of SCSI development. Ultra3 SCSI allows for bandwidth of 160 Mbytes/sec. This is done by doubling the number of data signals sent per clock cycle compared to Ultra2 SCSI.
Why is that speed necessary?
As applications and data become larger, the demands on servers also increase. To be able to retrieve data and send it to users efficiently, requires faster hard drive access with lower CPU utilization. Just three Ultra2 SCSI drives can saturate an Ultra2 SCSI channel, leaving no bandwidth for other SCSI devices. With Ultra3 SCSI, there is enough bandwidth for future expansion without loss of performance.
Will I be able to use my older SCSI drives with an Ultra3 SCSI drive?
Ultra3 SCSI maintains full backwards compatibility with legacy SCSI devices. Since Ultra3 SCSI is a modified Ultra2 SCSI solution, it uses Ultra2 SCSI cables, insuring ease of installation.
What is the maximum cable length?
With the use of LVD (low voltage differential) technology, Ultra3 SCSI provides for cable lengths of up to 12 meters, allowing for multiple drive configurations and hassle-free external device setup. In a single-device channel, cable length can actually be 25 meters.
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7-7:
What is the new Ultra2 SCSI specification? (Article #990427-0014)
Description: |
This information describes the new features of the Ultra2 SCSI
specification. This information applies to the following product(s): - 2940U2W series, 2930U2 series, 3950U2 series This information applies to the following Operating System(s): � All / PC � Mac OS (PowerDomain) |
Solution: |
Ultra2 SCSI is a subset of the SCSI-2 specification. Ultra2 / LVD (Low
Voltage Differential) is less susceptible to noise and has reduced power consumption
comparted to the previous SCSI standards which used either SE (Single Ended) and HVD (High
Voltage Differential) as their mode of termination. Ultra2 SCSI adapters support Ultra2 /
LVD devices with a SCSI burst transfer speed of up to 80MB per second. Maximum cable
length is as follows: - 25 meters (74.5 ft) point-to-point - an Ultra2 SCSI controller connected to a single Ultra2 LVD device - 12 meters (36 ft) total - an Ultra2 SCSI controller connected to 2 or more Ultra2 LVD devices LVD (Low Voltage Differential) transceivers which feature low power consumption, are less susceptible to noise and have reduced power consumption, allows the transceivers to be designed into the CMOS of the SCSI chip. LVD will allow 16 bit wide transfers speeds of up to 80MB/sec. With point-to-point (one SCSI device and host adapter) cable length of 25 meters and multi device maximum cable length of 12 meters (36 ft). The voltage swing of the LVD interface chip is from .7 to 1.8 volts DC. Multi-mode chips allow either single ended or LVD devices to be connected to the bus. If LVD devices are connected and then a single ended device added, the bus will switch automatically to a single ended mode, with the limitations of speed (40Mb/s) and cable length (3m) of the single ended SCSI, limiting or disabling the LVD devices. Although the bus will handle both single ended and LVD devices in a mixed environment, the devices should be kept separated. Having only LVD devices on the LVD segment and Single ended devices on the SE segment and not mixed. DEFFINITIONS: The two Types of Interfaces defined for SCSI are, a Differential Interface and a Single-Ended Interface. The electrical interfaces are the means by which the Data Bus Signals and Control Signals are transmitted and received by SCSI devices. There are two styles Differential Communication: A Differential Interface is defined as a reference to a type of circuit that makes use of the difference between two signals (a + Signal line and a signal line). Low Voltage Differential Interface: LVD (Low Voltage Differential), such as the AHA-2930U2, AHA-2940U2W and AHA-3950U2The voltage swing of the LVD interface is from .7 to 1.8 volts DC. High Voltage Differential Interface: HVD (High Voltage Differential), such as in the AHA-1744 and/or AHA-2944UW, overcomes cable limitation with high powered differential drivers/receivers, but this requires additional power consumption (the voltage swing of HVD is .8 to 5.25 Volts DC) and circuits. HVD is a very proprietary style interface and cannot be mixed with either Single Ended or LVD style devices. Adaptec HVD controllers only support HVD style devices. Single-Ended Interface: A Single-Ended Interface is defined as the difference between one signal and some reference voltage (or ground). SE (Single-Ended), such as the AHA-1540 series and AHA-2940 Series controllers, transmits signals, using a signal line paired with a Ground return line. |
Product: SCSI Hardware | Sub-Product: Unspecified | Date Created: 04/27/1999 09:13 AM | Article #: 990427-0014 |
Category: General | Date Updated: 08/25/1999 02:06 PM |
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What is firmware?
Firmware is a special-purpose module of low-level (e.g., hexadecimal, machine code)
software that serves two purposes. First, it acts like a BIOS, enabling the device to take
stock of its capabilities and to render those capabilities functional. Second, it
coordinates the activities of the hardware during normal operation and contains
programming constructs used to perform those operations. For example, in a typical modem,
the firmware will be a factor in establishing the modem's data rate, command set
recognition, and special feature implementation.
Firmware is stored in a special type of memory chip that doesn't lose its storage
capabilities when power is removed or lost. This non-volatile memory is classified as
"read-only" memory (ROM) because the user, during normal operation, cannot
change the information stored there. The basic type of chip is called a PROM, which is
programmable by any technician who has a programming console. A basic PROM receives one
version of firmware. That code is "burned in" to the PROM and cannot be changed.
To update the firmware, the PROM must be physically removed from the device and replaced
with a new chip.
Flash Capabilities
Improvements on this technology have rendered EPROM, PEROM, and EEPROM chips, which are
variations of the PROM that are erasable using either UV-light (e.g., the origin of the
term "flashable") or electrical energy.
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