From PAWS:
Most cats have very good litterbox habits. But sometimes even the most faithful of litterbox
users may have accidents. Sharing a house with a cat who eliminates inappropriately can be
very frustrating. Understanding why the cat is not using the litterbox is the key to solving the problem, along with good measures of patience and persistence.
It is possible for cats to stop using the litter box or to have
trouble learning in the first place.
Do NOT ever try to discourage a cat's mistakes by rubbing its nose
in it. It never worked for dogs and most certainly will not work for
cats. In fact, you wind up reminding the cat of where a good place to
eliminate is!
Potential CAUSES for failure to use litterbox:
MEDICAL PROBLEMS:
diarrhea (many causes)
small intestinal- soft to watery
colitis (inflamed colon)- mucus in stool, blood, straining
urinary bladder inflammation
FUS
Bacterial infections
trauma
calculi (bladder stones)
tumors
polydipsia/polyuria
(excessive water volume consumed and urine voided: upper water
intake for cats is 1oz/lb; most cats drink considerably less
than this)
diabetes insipidus
diabetes mellitus
kidney disease
liver disease
adrenal gland disease
pyometra (pus in the uterus)
hypercalcemia (high blood calcium)
others
TERRITORIAL MARKING
intact female in heat
intact male spraying
marking of peripheral walls particularly near windows may be
from presence of outdoor cats
may be triggered by over-crowding of indoor cats
previously neutered cat has a bit of testicular or ovarian
tissue remaining, possibly resulting in a low level of hormone
which could trigger marking
neutered male with sexual experience exposed to female in heat
LITTER BOX PROBLEMS
overcrowding: too many cats using same box
failure to change littter frequently enough -- some cats won't
use a dirty box
failure to provide constant access to litterbox
change in type of litter used
change in location of litterbox
unfamiliar, frightening, or loud objects near box: dishwasher,
etc.
food and water too close to litterbox
objectionable chemical used to wash or disinfect litterbox
location preference: your cat may want the box in a different
location
texture preference: your cat doesn't like the feel of the
litter
failure to cover litter: learned process from parents
use of litterbox is instinctive
cats that don't cover litter may be more prone to
litterbox problems
your cat may be indicating texture preference problem
PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS
(most common manifestation is inappropriate urination)
addition or subtraction of other pets in household
visitors, company, parties, redecorating, construction, or any
type of commotion
a move to a new environment
change in routine or schedule: a new job or working hours
their return from boarding or hospitilization
interaction problem with other pets or cats
cats are asocial rather than antisocial; in the wild each
has a territory and period of contact with others in the
group (and only one male per group)
a closed environment will create a greater degree of
interaction than some cats prefer. The more cats in a
household, the greater the degree of interaction
CHEMICAL ATTRACTION OF PREVIOUS "ACCIDENTS:"
likely to produce repeated visitations to the same spot
may induce urination by other members of a multi-cat household
you may have moved to a residence previously occupied with
other dogs and/or cats
Treatment
Rule out medical problems FIRST
complete history and physical
stool/GI workup for diarrhea (if needed)
urinalysis for inappropriate urination to rule out an
infection
workup for polydipsia/polyuria
important to check all cats of a multi-cat household
last cat seen misbehaving may be responding to chemical
attraction and not be an instigator
more than one cat could have problem
treat/correct medical problems first. Behavioral problems can
only be diagnosed in a healthy cat
Territorial marking
neuter all cats (check history of neutered cats; retained
testicle in male or signs of heat in female)
prevent other cats from coming around outside of house, close
windows, blinds, and doors
prevent overcrowding in multi-cat households
Litter box problems
provide a box for each cat
change litter daily
provide constant access to a box
go back to previously used brand of litter and/or discontinue
new disinfectant
move box to where it was previously used
eliminate new or frightening noise near litterbox
move food and water away from litterbox
if cat is only going in one spot, put the litterbox at the
exact location and gradually move it back to where you want it
at the rate of one foot per day
if there are several places, try putting dishes of cat food in
those areas to discourage further elimination there
experiment with different textures of litter (cats prefer
sandy litter)
use a covered litterbox for cats that stand in box but
eliminate outside of it
Psychological Stress
eliminate if possible
try to provide each cat at home with its own "space"
use favorite resting areas to determine
provide separate litterboxes near each space if possible
cubicles, boxes, shelves, crates are effective for this
tranquilizers sometimes work well in multicat situations
Chemical attraction
dispose of all soiled fabric or throw rugs if possible
50% vinegar or commercial products may be used
steam cleaning may help
repellants may help
do not replace carpeting until problem entirely solved or it
may start all over again on your new carpeting
Confinement
(In portable kennel with litterbox, (with appropriate corrections)
to stop further inappropriate behavior while medical and/or other
problems are being treated.)
particularly beneficial for transient stress induced problem
may allow acclimation to stress situation where source of
stress cannot be eliminated
procedure
choose an area that can be a permanent location of litterbox
keep cat confined to this area 4-6 weeks when not under
your direct visual supervision (if your cat attempts
elimination outside of kennel when you are watching,
squirt with water pistol as soon as elimination posture is
attempted and put cat back in kennel)
if cat is using box regularly for 4 to 6 weeks when not
under your gradually give access to larger and larger
areas of your home, one room or hallway at a time
allow 1 week of good behavior in the new area before
adding the new room
never increase access area until you are 100% certain
cat's use of litterbox is 100%
if accident occurs, re-evaluate this material to make
sure litterbox problem or something else didn't
trigger
begin confinement over again and double intervals for
relapses
For inappropriate urination problems in which all else fails and
the alternative is euthanasia, hormone therapy may be attempted.
only for neutered cats
only 50% effective
side effects may include increased appetite (common),
depression or lethargy (less common). Long term use might
have side effects such as: mammary enlargement, adrenocrotical
suppression, and diabetes mellitus.
usually requires lifelong maintenance on regular intermittent basis
very dangerous drug; use borders malpractice -- should be
reserved for cats who will be put to sleep if problem is not
solved
immunosuppressive
weight gains predisposing to obesity
mammary gland development
feminization of males
may induce latent diabetes
dosage is initiated daily for 7 day trial; if effective, then
dosage is tapered to least effective amount given every other
day every one to two weeks
relapses may be expected when drug is discontinued