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Why China Needed Special Economic Zones?

I read above titled article in Daily Indian Express (Pune Edition) written by Sreemati Chakrabarti, Professor of Chinese Studies, Department of East Asian Studies, University of Delhi. I contacted the author with certain queries and received the full article. Gist of the article is as under.

After liberation of China in 1949 Chinese leaders preferred economic development addressing basic needs of overwhelmingly large population rather than financial growth of nation. There had been a few who differed from this strategy. Economic growth was not impressive but there had been remarkable progress in reducing disparity among people and improving literacy and health standards of both the rural and urban populace.

Post-Mao leadership changed the policy during 1978 and gave more importance to economical growth. This appears to be the second step taken when the first objective had been achieved. Reforms were first initiated in the agricultural sector. 1980's showed phenomenal prosperity in the Chinese countryside. At Communist Party's 14th Congress in 1992, Decision was taken that China shall be a socialist market economy. Result of this decision had been 'Special Economic Zones i. e. (SEZs)' This policy decision had made China a free market capitalist economy. This has been accepted to accelerate growth. The result is China is the fastest growing economy, cities in certain region have prospered and village condition is pathetic. Almost 80% of villagers are either unemployed or under- unemployed. Chinese Special Economic Zones did result in creating imbalance, both regional and city vs. villages.

There is another aspect why China needed SEZs. Prior to liberation of China, colonial powers and Japan forced China to open her market for exporting goods to China. Certain ports on east coast had been developed for this purpose. Thus China had sort of economic zones during past. In post liberation era China was not open to foreign direct investment. China recognised need of capital for speedy development and had to depend on foreign investment. There was yet another reason why SEZs were important for China. They were bridges to link China to Hong Kong and Macao and through them to the rest of the world. SEZ is a need of China for attracting foreign investments.

Chinese also hoped SEZs would serve for reunification of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan. One country, two systems policy had is basically to entice Taiwan. One more important function of the SEZs was to serve as mechanisms for the introduction, study and absorption of technology in a wider range of industries and agriculture. They have gone to extent of setting up casinos and brothels to make these places attractive to both the foreign investors and tourists. In to days China idea of SEZ has been replaced with SER (Special Economic Region), the entire east coast is having capitalistic economic system.

To conclude I would say, Chinese adopted this policy for faster economic growth. Growth needed foreign capital which could not have been available in their socialistic economy model. SEZs did bring out modern outlook and prosperity to a few. At the same time 80% of the rural population has been neglected. China is paying for it through unrest, loosing culture and providing Chinese women for pleasure of the capitalists. Mahatma Gandhi once said 'to achieve western style development in India we need at least 7 Earths as colonies' China is dividing her own country 20:80 to build modern China. A large population pays for a few to prosper. Subject of next article is 'Does India need SEZs and in what shape?'

Does India need SEZs and in what shape?

India needs to decide the aim first. Chinese aim had been and even now is 'rapid economic growth'. There had been no moral issues involved while achieving the aim. Chinese are capable of giving a warm embrace while stabbing in the back. China can and shall nationalise entire foreign investment once they gain first position in economy and military capabilities. On the other hand India had and has no obstacles in attracting foreign investment. Indian philosophy does not permit stabbing in the back. Moral gets high precedence over many things in India. Therefore, photo-copy of Chinese concept of SEZs is not suitable for India.

I have certain ideas based on 'Indian thinking of prosperity for all' India should not encourage migration of population. This has been proved disastrous in past. Be it Delhi or Mumbai or Kolkata or Chennai or Bangalore or any other city, migration has resulted in inadequate services and bad deteriorated health of people and cities. These cities look like 'they are dying' Enormous investment is needed to save these cities. Much lesser funds could make rural area habitable for people. The need is 'shift industry where people available' and not shift people where work is available'. With today's achievements in communication it is possible to do the same. Think why foreign capital is flowing to India or China? The basic reason is availability of man power. During first phases of industrialisation western countries shipped raw material from wherever available and sold finished products wherever needed. They have changed. Now they are shifting their industrial units where man power is available. At least we can follow this latest trend and shift our industry all over the rural area. India should not aim at prosperous pockets but prosperity for all.

Present thinking in India is based on selfishness of both who support and oppose SEZs. Supporters find big instantaneous gains in property and profits. They forget 'Taj Mahal cannot be built in slums'. Those who oppose are worried about the price offered for land. They have no concept of economic prosperity for the nation. A group of politicians accept this concept simply because it originated in China. They have no thinking whether it is good for India and how? Another group is simply interested in funds which may be available to them and party. Thus no efforts have been made to modify this concept for Indian conditions and prosperity of Indian population as whole.

In my opinion India needs development of villages. My way of thinking suggests the following.

  1. High class highways, rail-air communication, industrial electricity feeders, water lines, electronic communication etc. connecting rural area. Draught prone area should be given preference.
  2. A 500 m strip on each side of the road should be earmarked for Industry, Commercial, Residential, Services etc. Specific fixed distances may be laid down in between these.
  3. Approximately at every 5 km there should be railway station and residential area, at every 10 km commercial and service centres and 100 km air ports. Remaining space should be used for industry. In no case permission be given for similar use outside the strip specified.

To make it feasible following principles may be applied.

  1. 100 wide strip be reserved for road and rail.
  2. Redistributing land in the rest of the area so those who have to surrender their land for road are rehabilitated in the same area. To achieve this consider 10 times land. (Land owners would not object to this as price of land shall substantially increase on account of the scheme.) 50 sqm residential house may be constructed for those who surrender their land for the scheme. Whatever expenditure incurred should be recovered before paying compensation for land.
  3. Redistributed land should be sold direct to the enterprisers and the Government should not acquire and sell.
  4. Compensation for the land should not be paid in cash but in terms of 'shares' (i.e. stock)
  5. Every person in the area (considering village as unit) must be given intensive training so that the person gets suitable employment in the industry.
  6. Industries must include such units which can accept farm products as raw material.
  7. Only those industries be permitted which implement the latest technology in use in the world.
  8. No industry which brings out dated technology or equipment from other countries shall be permitted.
  9. To attract foreign investment no taxes be applied on goods produced or equipment or machinery or techniques purchased by the units in this zone. Entrepreneurs however, must transfer 10 % shares every year starting from 11th year to their employees at no cost.
  10. Whenever and wherever manpower requirement exceeds availability in the area no enterpriser be allowed to set up any new unit or expand existing one. They should be asked to explore some other place.
  11. Expenditure incurred on development of infrastructure should be recovered through land transfer fee.

This list can be developed further to include every thing which ensures even distribution of economical development

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ÃÖ¬µÖÖ ¯ÖÏÝÖŸÖß ¯ÖêõÖÖ ¸üÖ•ÖÛúÖ¸üÞÖÖ»ÖÖ †ÝÖÏŸÖÖ ×´ÖôûŸÖ †ÖÆêü. ¸üÖ™Òü×ÆüŸÖÖ ¯ÖêõÖÖ Ã¾Ö×ÆüŸÖÖ»ÖÖ ¯ÖÏÖ¬ÖÖ®µÖ ×´ÖôûŸÖ †ÖÆêü.'×¾Ö¿ÖêÂÖ †ÖÙ£ÖÛú õÖê¡ÖÖ' “Öê ÝÖÖê›ü¾Öê ÝÖÖÞÖÖ¸êü ¾Ö ŸµÖÖ ×¾Ö¹ý¨ü ²ÖÖê™ê ü´ÖÖê›üÞÖÖ¸êü µÖÖ ¤üÖê®Æüß ÝÖ™üÖÓ“Öê ×¾Ö“ÖÖ¸ü þÖÖ£Öá“Ö †ÖÆêüŸÖ. ÁÖß´ÖÓŸÖ ×¾ÖÃÖ¸üŸÖÖŸÖ Ûúß —ÖÖê¯Ö›ü¯Ö¼üßŸÖ ŸÖÖ•Ö´ÖÆüÖ»Ö ²ÖÖÓ¬ÖŸÖÖ µÖêŸÖ ®ÖÖÆüß. ŸµÖÖ Ûú¸üŸÖÖ ×®Ö¤üÖ®Ö ´ÖÖŸÖß“Öß ‘Ö¸êü —ÖÖê¯Ö›ü¯Ö¼üßŸÖ ¯ÖÏ£Ö´Ö ²ÖÖÓ¬Ö»Öß ¯ÖÖ×Æü•ÖêŸÖ. ²ÖÖê™êü ´ÖÖê›üÞÖÖ¸ê ü±úŒŸÖ •Ö´Öß®Öß»ÖÖ ×Ûú×ŸÖ ³ÖÖ¾Ö ×´ÖôûŸÖÖê ŸÖê ¯ÖÖÆüŸÖÖŸÖ. ¤üÖê®Æß ÝÖ™ü ¤êü¿ÖÖ“µÖÖ ˆ®®ÖŸÖß ²ÖÖ²ÖŸÖ ˆ¤üÖ¿Öß®Ö †ÖÆêüŸÖ. ÛúÖÓÆüß ¸üÖ•ÖÛúÖ¸üÞµÖÖ®ÖÖ Æüß õÖê¡Öê “Ö֮߮Öê †ÖÆêüŸÖ ´ÆüÞÖæ®Ö †Ö¯Ö»µÖÖÛú›êüÆüß †ÃÖÖ×¾ÖŸÖ †ÃÖê ¾ÖÖ™üŸÖê. ŸÖß ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖÖ´Ö¬µÖê µÖÖêÝµÖ †ÖÆêüŸÖ ÛúÖµÖ µÖÖ“ÖÖ ×¾Ö“ÖÖ¸ü Ûú¸üÞµÖÖ“Öß ŸµÖÖÓ“Öß ŸÖµÖÖ¸üß ®ÖÖÆüß.ÛúÖÓÆüß®ÖÖ µÖÖŸÖæ®Ö ¯Öî¿ÖÖ“µÖÖ ¹ý¯ÖÖ®Öê ŸµÖÖ®ÖÖ ¾Ö ŸµÖÖÓ“µÖÖ ¯ÖõÖÖ»ÖÖ ×´ÖôûÞÖÖ¸üÖ »ÖÖ³Ö ×¤üÃÖŸÖÖê. µÖÖŸÖæ®Ö Æêü“Ö ×¤üÃÖŸÖê Ûúß, ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖÖ»ÖÖ »ÖÖ³Ö¤üÖµÖÛú šü¸üÞµÖÖÛú¸üŸÖÖ ŸµÖÖ ´Ö¬µÖê ÛúÖµÖ ¾Ö ÛúÃÖê ²Ö¤ü»Ö Ûú¸üÖ¾Öê µÖÖ“ÖÖ ×¾Ö“ÖÖ¸ü“Ö —ÖÖ»ÖÖ ®ÖÖÆüß.

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  1. ˆ¢Ö´Ö ¯ÖÏן֓Öê ×¾Ö¿ÖÖ»Ö ´ÖÆüÖ´ÖÖÝÖÔ, ¸êü»¾Öê´ÖÖÝÖÔ, ×¾Ö´ÖÖ®ÖŸÖôû, †ÖîªÖê×ÝÖÛú ¾Öß•Ö¾ÖÖ×Æü®µÖÖ, ¯ÖÖÞÖß ¯Öã¸ü¾ÖšüÖ, ײ֮֟ÖÖ¸üß ´ÖÖ×ÆüŸÖß ¤üôûÞÖ ¾ÖôûÞÖ ÃÖã×¾Ö¬ÖÖ ¾ÖÝÖî¸êü ÜÖê›ü¶Ö ¯ÖµÖÕŸÖ ¯ÖÖêÆü“Ö¾ÖÖ¾µÖÖŸÖ. ¤ãüÂÛúÖôûß ³ÖÖÝÖÖ®ÖÖ ¯ÖÏÖ£Ö×´ÖÛúŸÖÖ ªÖ¾Öß.
  2. ¸üßµÖÖ“µÖÖ ¤üÖê®Æüß ²ÖÖ•Öã»ÖÖ 500 ×´Ö™ü¸ü“ÖÖ ¯Ö¼üÖ ˆªÖêÝÖ, ¾µÖÖ¯ÖÖ¸ü, ×®Ö¾ÖÖÃÖ, ÃÖã×¾Ö¬ÖÖ Ûëú¦êü ¾ÖÝÖî¸êü Ûú¸üŸÖÖ ¸üÖÜÖæ®Ö šêü¾ÖÖ¾ÖÖ. ŸµÖÖ Ûú¸üŸÖÖ ×¾Ö׿Ö™ü †ÓŸÖ¸êü ×®Ö¬ÖÖÔ׸üŸÖ Ûú¸üÖ×¾ÖŸÖ
  3. ÃÖÖ¬ÖÖ¸üÞÖ¯ÖÞÖê ¯ÖÏŸµÖêÛú 5 ×Ûú. ´Öß. †ÓŸÖ¸üÖ¾Ö¸ü ×®Ö¾ÖÖÃÖ õÖê¡Ö, 10 ×Ûú.´Öß. †ÓŸÖ¸üÖ¾Ö¸ü ¾µÖÖ¯ÖÖ¸ü ÛêúÓ¦êü ¾Ö ÃÖã×¾Ö¬ÖÖ Ûëú¦êü, ¤ü¸ü 5 ×Ûú. ´Öß. †ÓŸÖ¸üÖ¾Ö¸ü ¸êü»¾Öê Ùêü¿Ö®Ö, ¤ü¸ü 100 ×Ûú. ´Öß. †ÓŸÖ¸üÖ¾Ö¸ü ×¾Ö´ÖÖ®ÖŸÖôû ¾Ö ¸üÖ×Æü»Ö껵ÖÖ •ÖÖÝÖêŸÖ ÛúÖ¸üÜÖÖ®Öê, †ÃÖÖ¾ÖêŸÖ. µÖÖ ¯Ö™Ëü™ü¶ÖŸÖ •µÖÖ ¯ÖÏÛúÖ¸ü“µÖÖ ²ÖÖÓ¬ÖÛúÖ´ÖÖ®ÖÖ ¯Ö¸ü¾ÖÖ®ÖÝÖß †ÃÖê»Ö ŸÖ¿ÖÖ ²ÖÖÓ¬ÖÛúÖ´ÖÖ®ÖÖ µÖÖ ¯Ö™Ëü™ü¶Ö“µÖÖ ²ÖÖÆêü¸ü ¯Ö¸ü¾ÖÖ®ÖÝÖß ®ÖÃÖÖ¾Öß.

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  3. ¯Öã®Ö¾ÖÖÔ™ü¯Ö Ûêú»Öê»Öß •Ö´Öß®Ö ÃÖ¬µÖÖ“µÖÖ ´ÖÖ»ÖÛúÖ®Öê £Öê™ü ×¾ÖÛúÖ¾Öß. ¿ÖÖÃÖ®ÖÖ®Öê ŸÖÖ²µÖÖŸÖ ‘Öê‰ú®Ö ×¾ÖÛúæ ®ÖµÖê.
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  5. •µÖÖ ÝÖÖÓ¾ÖÖŸÖᯙ •Ö´Öß®Ö ‘ÖêŸÖ»Öß •ÖÖ‡Ô»Ö ŸµÖÖ ÝÖÖÓ¾ÖÖŸÖᯙ ÃÖ¾ÖÖÔ®ÖÖ ¯ÖÏ׿ÖõÖÞÖ ¤êü‰ú®Ö ˆªÖêÝÖÖ®Öß ®ÖÖêÛú·µÖÖ ªÖ¾µÖÖŸÖ.
  6. ¿ÖêŸÖß ÃÖÓ²Ö¬ÖÖŸÖᯙ ˆªÖêÝÖÖ®ÖÖ ¯ÖÏÖ¬ÖÖ®µÖ ªÖ¾Öê.
  7. ±úŒŸÖ †ŸµÖÖ¬Öã×®ÖÛú ŸÖÓ¡Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ¾ÖÖ¯Ö¸üÞÖÖ·µÖÖ ˆªÖêÝÖÖ®ÖÖ“Ö ¯Ö¸ü¾ÖÖ®ÖÝÖß ªÖ¾Öß.
  8. ¯ÖÖ¿µÖÖŸµÖ ¤êü¿ÖÖŸÖ ´ÖÖê›üßŸÖ ÛúÖœü»Ö껵ÖÖ ŸÖÓ¡Ö–ÖÖ®ÖÖ¾Ö¸ü †Ö¬ÖÖ׸üŸÖ ˆªÖêÝÖÖ®ÖÖ ²ÖÖÆêü¸ü“Öß ¾ÖÖ™ü ¤üÖÜÖ¾ÖÖ¾Öß.
  9. ¯Ö¸ü¤êü¿Öß ÝÖãÓŸÖ¾ÖÞÖãÛú †ÖÛúÙÂÖŸÖ Ûú¸üÞµÖÖÛú¸üŸÖÖ ÛúÃÖ»ÖêÆüß Ûú¸ü †ÖÛúÖ¹ý ®ÖµÖêŸÖ. 10 ¾ÖÂÖÖÔ ®ÖÓŸÖ¸üü ´ÖÖ¡Ö ˆªÖêÝÖÖ®Öß ¤ü¸ü ¾ÖÂÖá 10 ™üŒÛêú ³ÖÖÝÖ (¿Öê†ÃÖÔ) ŸµÖÖÓ“µÖÖ ÛúÖ´ÖÝÖÖ¸üÖ®ÖÖ ´ÖÖê±úŸÖ ªÖ¾ÖêŸÖ.
  10. •Öê£Öê •Öê£Öê ¾Ö •Öë¾ÆüÖ •Öë¾ÆüÖ ´Ö®ÖãµֲÖôûÖ“Öß †Ö¾Ö¿µÖÛúŸÖÖ ˆ¯Ö»Ö²¬Öê ¯ÖêõÖÖ ¾ÖÖœêüŸÖ ŸÖê£Öê ®Ö¾Öß®Ö ÛúÖ¸üÜÖÖ®Öê †£Ö¾ÖÖ ×¾ÖßÖÖ¸üß Ûú¸üÞÖÖ Ûú¸üŸÖÖ ¯Ö¸ü¾ÖÖ®ÖÝÖß ¤êü‰ú ®ÖµÖê.
  11. ¯ÖÖµÖÖ³ÖæŸÖ ÃÖÖê‡Ô Ûú¸üŸÖÖ •ÖÖê ÜÖ“ÖÔ µÖê‡Ô»Ö ŸÖÖê •Ö´Öß®Öß“µÖÖ ÆüßÖÖÓŸÖ¸üÖ¾Ö¸ü Ûú¸ü »ÖÖ‰ú®Ö ¾ÖÃÖæ»Ö Ûú¸üÖ¾ÖÖ.

µÖÖ ´Ö¬µÖê †ÖÞÖÜÖßÆüß ¬ÖÖê¸üÞÖÓÖ“ÖÖ †ÓŸÖ³ÖÖÔ¾Ö Ûú¸üŸÖÖ µÖê‡Ô»Ö. »ÖõÖÖ¯ÖÖÃÖæ®Ö ×¾Ö“Ö×»ÖŸÖ ´ÖÖ¡Ö ÆüÖê‰ú ®ÖµÖê.

 

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