REFERENCES
Al-Ani, S. H. (1970). Arabic Phonology: An Acoustical and Physiological Investigation. The Hague: Mouton.
Al-Asadi, A. & J. Rueda (1984). Graphic Representation of Arabic Alphabet. Kuwait: IBM Kuwait Scientific Center.
Azzam, R. (1989). �Orthography and Reading of the Arabic Language.� In P. G. Aaron & R. M. Joshi (eds), Reading and Writing Disorders in Different Orthographic Systems. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division, pp. 203-217.
Baron, J., Treiman, R., Wilf, J. F. & P. Kellman (1980). �Spelling and Reading by Rules.� In U. Frith (ed), pp. 159-194.
Barron, R. W. (1986). �Word recognition in early reading: A review of the direct and indirect access hypotheses.� Cognition, nos. 1/2, November 1986.
Bertelson, P. (ed) (1987). The Onset of Literacy: Cognitive Processes in Reading Acquisition. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
Bruck, M. & G. Waters (1988). �An analysis of the spelling errors of children who differ in their reading and spelling skills.� Applied Psycholinguistics, vol. 9, pp. 77-92.
Campbell, C. P. (1983). �International Communication (with Special Attention to the English Language Capabilities of Saudi Arab Students).� Paper presented at the Seminar on Technology Transfer, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, January 25-26, 1983. ERIC Document ED 226 373.
Chomsky, N. & M. Halle (1968). The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper and Row.
Downing, J. & C. K. Leong (1982), Psychology of Reading. New York: Macmillan.
El-Hassan, El-T. El-M. (1984). �Residual Graphological Interference in Technical Writing Tasks. Case Study of Six Arabic-Speaking Students in the U.K.� In J. Swales & H. Mustafa (eds), English for Specific Purposes in the Arab World. Language Studies Unit, Aston University, pp. 68-84.
Frith, U. (ed) (1980). Cognitive Processes in Spelling. London: Academic Press.
Friyh, U. (1980a). �Unexpected Spelling Problems.� In U. Frith (ed), pp. 495-515.
Green, D. & P. Meara (1987). �The effects of script on visual search.� In Second Language Research, vol. 3, no. 2, December 1987, pp. 102-117.
Henderson, L. (1982). Orthography and Word Recognition in Reading. London: Academic Press.
Henderson, L. (1984). �Writing Systems and Reading Processes.� In L. Henderson (ed), pp. 11-24.
Henderson, L. (ed) (1984). Orthographies and Reading. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd.
Ibrahim, M. H. (1978). �Patterns in Spelling Errors.� English Language Teaching Journal, vol. 32, no. 3, April 1978, pp. 207-212.
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) (1961). International System for the Transliteration of Arabic Characters. ISO Recommendation R 233.
Justice, D. (1987). The Semantics of Form in Arabic in the Mirror of European Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Koda, K. (1988). �Cognitive processes in second language reading: transfer of L1 reading skills and strategies.� Second Language Research, vol. 4, no. 2, December 1988.
Kugelmass, S. & A. Lieblich (1979). �Impact of Learning to Read on Directionality in Perception: a Further Cross-Cultural Analysis.� In Human Development, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 406-415.
Pond, I. R. (1990). �Numbers and Language.� In Aston LSU Bulletin, vol. 1, July 1990, pp. 26-30.
Randall, M. & P. Meara (1988). �How Arabs Read Roman Letters.� In Reading in a Foreign Language, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 133-145.
Scragg, D. G. (1974). A history of English spelling. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Turvey, M. T., Feldman, L. B. & G. Lukatela (1984). �The Serbo-Croatian Orthography Constrains the Reader to a Phonologically Analytic Strategy.� In Henderson (ed) (1984), pp. 81-89.