Backward-curved horny papillae cover the upper surface of the tongue; these are useful

both in holding onto meat and removing parasites during grooming. The roar of a lion can be

heard up to five miles away and can be most intimidating up close. Territorial roaring is

usually heard an hour after sunset. When separated they roar to let each other know where

they are; females often call their cubs by roaring. The mature male's mane not only makes

him appear larger but protects his throat from his mortal enemies-other marauding lions and

the hyenas after his cubs or kill.