Prelude to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

Daoud Moves away From Moscow

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As of mid-1974, when Daoud made its first official visit àMoscouafter its blow, it had already removed two Communists deson box andhad started to purge its interior ministry, which ordered the internalforces of safety. At the beginning of 1975, it had concluded theagreement with the Pakistani Chief Zulfiqar Ali-Bhuttode to begintalks on solving their conflicts.20 The opening of the latter speaks was run off the line for more thanuneannée, however, by the massacre of a friend and a colleaguedeBhutto by a bomb of terrorist at the agency tribale of PashtunduPakistan, which carried out Bhutto to exert reprisals againstlesfonctionnaires political natives of Pashtun. Nevertheless,bonnevolonté shown of Daoud to work on the problem sembles' to berecorded. In April 1975, he visited Iran and is venuloin with anextension of credit of billion, whose .7milliards was to bedevoted to a flexible system with Afghan rails lesvilles of Herat,Kandahar, and Kabul to the lignesiraniennes being prolonged with thePersian Gulf (collapse suivantdu gone of oil and the fall of the Shahwould prevent much dececi from being carried out.)21

Little time after its return of Iran, Daoud announced quel'Afghanistan would not tolerate "the imported ideology," clairementungreat blow with the communist factions Moscow-constant in sonpropregovernment. A few months later, it removed additional troiscommunistsof the ministerial positions, y comprisle Minister of InteriorDepartment. Towards the end of December 1975, it did not yavait anyCommunist remaining of Parcham in the box of Daoud etil had rigorouslyreduced the numbers in other positions degouvernement. It thenannounced that it proposed a nouvelleconstitution which wouldestablish a state of a-part. It claimed ladissolution of Parcham andKhalq and said that communistesdevraient them to join its new part ofnational revolution.22

Daoud proceeded more with precaution by reducing thefactionscommunists in the army. According to one of its defenders, itétépréoccupé by the potential implications of a play ofdenturemilitaire. Nevertheless, in October 1975, it drew aside 40Soviet-aformé the military officers and sent others to the garrisonsàdistance. It also started to take care of the formation pourlesAfghan military officers in India and Egypt (of which forcesarméeswere also equipped with the Soviet weapons), luipermettant of thisfact of reducing the prone number of officers àl' political influenceof the formation in the USSR. Some officiersmilitaires was sent to theUSA to inform. Daoud aégalement tried to reduce the number ofadvisers militairessovietic in Afghanistan.23

The following year brought a bringing together of budding withlePakistan and another expansion of the relations with Iran.Aprèsplusieurs month of rhetoric, Daoud and Bhutto held desentretienshead with head in Kabul as from June 7-10, 1976 surrésoudre theconflict of Pashtun. They still met sixsemaines later in Pakistan. Nofinal agreement has étéconclu, but the two sides agrees to continuethe négociation.Les incursions by the fundamentalist groups ceased,desmarchandises moved relatively without jolt between the countriesand, in March 1977, air service between the two—suspendeddepuis1974—was early reconstituted. A treaty length-disputed withIranpour the construction of a mutually salutary stopping onfleuveencadrant the two countries formally was ratified by thedeuxétats and was come into effect. 24 And new Daoud, constitution of a-part was issued, proscribingPDPA—and this applied to all the two sesfactions.25

The Soviets decided that it was time to invite Daoud àMoscou fordiscussions, and a visit was placed for 12-15avril 1977. The secondday of the meetings, the Chief soviétiqueLeonid Brezhnev of partlaunched in a tirade about the grandnombre of "experts" of the"countries of NATO" implied in various projetsen Afghanistan. Heaffirmed that they were "spies" and exigéils is sent country. Daoudstiffly retorted that lesremarques of Brezhnev were "... unacceptableinterference "dansles businesses intern of Afghanistan. The two thingstowards hautcensément connected superficially on the spot, but Daoudontdécommandé the remaining private discussions that itétéprogrammé to have with the Soviet chief and returned àKaboulper day later. Prospect for Moscow and Kabul, it was a demonstrableend of the business.26

After face-with far from Moscow, Daoud intensified sien"dépassent it "the program. It increased the proportion of officiersmilitaires sent to form in Egypt and India, and has commencéà to send officers of the Air Force to the train in Turkey. Ilégalement aggressively joined "moderate" étatsnon-aligned such as Yugoslavia. From here the beginning of 1978, it avaitsigné of the economic agreements of assistance producing of approximately $500millions of Saudi Arabia and the United States. A visit towards Kaboulpar the Shah of Iran was placed for June, and Daoud étéprogrammé to meet President Jimmy Charretier àWashington in September.

While waiting, in spite of the inversion of Bhutto in military Pakistan by unrégime in 1977, talks between Kabul and Islamabadcontinuaient, and seemed there to be a strong possibility of reglerlor conflict of long date. Although Moscow could plausiblementavoir encouraged such conversations with the government of left deBhutto as fixes against the USA, a payment with a mode derightist in Pakistan, one strongly supported by Washington, held laperspective of a significant variation in the alignementsrégionaux ones. For the Soviet heads, asse' was clearly enough. 27