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The abbreviation CNC stands for computer numerical control,
and refers specifically to a computer "controller" that reads G-code
instructions and drives the machine tool, a powered mechanical device
typically used to fabricate metal components by the selective removal of
metal. CNC does numerically directed interpolation of a cutting tool in the
work envelope of a machine. The operating parameters of the CNC can be
altered via software load program.
The introduction of CNC machines radically changed the manufacturing
industry. Curves are as easy to cut as straight lines, complex 3-D
structures are relatively easy to produce, and the number of machining steps
that required human action have been dramatically reduced.
In a production environment, a series of CNC machines may be combined into one station, commonly called a "cell", to progressively machine a part requiring several operations. CNC machines today are controlled directly from files created by CAM software packages, so that a part or assembly can go directly from design to manufacturing without the need of producing a drafted paper drawing of the manufactured component. In a sense, the CNC machines represent a special segment of industrial robot systems, as they are programmable to perform many kinds of machining operations (within their designed physical limits, like other robotic systems). CNC machines can run over night and over weekends without operator intervention. Error detection features have been developed, giving CNC machines the ability to call the operator's mobile phone if it detects that a tool has broken. While the machine is awaiting replacement on the tool, it would run other parts it is already loaded with up to that tool and wait for the operator. The ever changing intelligence of CNC controllers has dramatically increased job shop cell production. Some machines might even make 1000 parts on a weekend with no operator, checking each part with lasers and sensors.
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