ACID-FREE. A paper product having a pH level of 7 or higher.
ACIDIC. In paper, an unstable state whereby the molecular structure of the paper breaks down, causing discoloration and weakening of the sheet.
ALKALINE BUFFER. An additive used in paper-making processes and conservation treatments that will raise the pH level.
ALUM. Aluminum sulfate; employed to precipitate rosin sizing in paper.
AQUEAS TREATMENT. Any restoration procedure that utilizes water.
ARCHIVAL. An archival material should have neutral or slightly alkaline pH; it should also have good aging properties.
CELLULOSE. A substance constituting the chief part of the cell walls of plant material, trees and paper.
CHEMICAL SUCTION VACCUUM. A device used for localized chemical and aqueous treatments to paper.
COVALENT BOND. A chemical bond formed by sharing of one or more electrons between atoms; the type of molecular structure that forms cellulose in paper fibers.
DEACIDIFY. To chemically stabilize acidic paper; can be either aqueous or non-aqueous treatment.
DRY PEEL. A restoration technique that is manual (non-aqueous and non-chemical) and employed to reduce or remove a mount material.
EMBRITTLEMENT. A fragile condition that results from dehydration and prolonged acidic degradation.
EXPANSION. The result of change in the dimension of a sheet of paper due to excess humidity; more pronounced across the grain with it.
FIBER FILL. Utilizing paper pulp to complete losses in a sheet of paper.
FILLET. A spacer device placed between the glazing and the mount in a frame which prohibits the glazing material from coming in contact with artwork.
FLATTENING. A restoration procedure involving controlled humidification and controlled drying under pressure.
FOXING. A type of stain in paper resulting from mold growth.
FRAGMENTING. A sheet of paper with portions broken off or detached.
GELATIN. One of many sizings that may be used to make papers less liable to bleed; a glutinous material obtained from animal tissues through continued boiling.
GESSO. A preparation of plaster of paris and glue applied to a surface as preparation for painting.
GROUND. The initial layer applied to a wood panel to prepare the surface to accept the paint layer.
HEAT-SET TISSUE. Any one of a variety of heat-reactive tissues used as an adhesive material.
HINGE. In framing, a folding or hanging device used to attach artwork to a mount while allowing limited movement to occur.
HYDRATION. In restoration, the process of introducing moisture to an embrittled, dehydrated sheet.
HYGROEXPANSIVITY. Expansion or contraction of paper due to changing conditions of humidity.
INTERRUPTED FIBER. In a fold, when the fiber has ruptured or torn; the paper surface is no longer continuous.
LEAF CASTING. A process employing cold suction to complete voids with pulp.Lingnin: A complex polymer; the chief non-carbohydrate constituent of wood that binds to cellulose fibers and strengthens the cell walls.
MULBERRY TISSUE. a long fibered, unsized, acid-free Japanese paper which is used as a support mechanism for weakened sheets or tears.
NONPOLAR COVALENT BOND. A bond formed by equal sharing of electrons among bonding atoms.
NONPOLAR MOLECULE. A molecule whose symmetry results in equal overall distribution of charge.
PAINT. A liquid mixture composed of a solid pigment in a liquid vehicle.
PAPER CONSERVATOR. An individual professionally trained to preserve and restore paper.
PAPER INLAY. A solid piece of paper grafted to a sheet to complete a void.
PH VALUE. A method of measuring acidity or alkalinity, numerically equivalent to 7 for neutral solutions, increasing with increased alkalinity and decreasing with increased acidity. The pH scale commonly in use ranges from 0014. p(otential of) H(ydrogen).
POLAR COVALENT BOND. A bond formed by a shared pair of electrons that are more strongly attracted to one atom than to the other.
POLAR MOLECULE. Formed of nonmetal atoms bonded covalently, the molecule's overall asymmetry results in uneven distribution of charge.
POLYMER. A natural or synthetic compound of high molecular mass consisting of numerous repeated linked units; each unit is a relatively simple molecule.
PULP. The fibrous substance resulting from the pulping process in papermaking.
RABBET. The �l� shaped cutout frame that forms the lip. The part that holds the picture and other framing materials.
RESIN. Any of numerous clear to translucent yellow or brown substances such as amber, rosin, or copal; used in lacquers, varnishes, inks, and adhesives.
REVERSIBILITY. A material possessing the property that allows the material to be completely removed without damaging the original.
ROSIN. A substance derived from distilled gum turpentine; used as a sizing ingredient in paper.
SIZING. A substance added to paper to create a degree of water resistence.
SOLUBLE. Capable of being dissolved.
SOLVENT. The substance present in greater quantity in a solution.
SOLUTE. The substance present in lesser quantity in a solution.
SUBSTRATE. The primary layer of material; can relate to a mount substance or the base material upon which a work of art is executed.
SURFACE CLEAN. Any one of various dry, non abrasive methods of removing surface dirt, soot or grime from a sheet of paper.
THYMOL VAPOR TREATMENT. Thymol is a white crystalline aromatic compound derived from thyme oil or made synthetically and employed in a gaseous state fungicide to kill mold.
TIDEMARK. A stain; a deposit which occurs at the point where water entered a sheet of paper and stopped.
ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT. Primarily invisible light, ranging from the X-Ray region, about 4 nanometers wavelength you just beyond the violet in the visible spectrum, about 380 nanometers.
VAN DER WALLS FORCE. A weak attractive force between atoms or non-polar molecules caused by a temporary change in dipole moment arising from a brief shift of orbital electrons to one side of one atom or molecules. One of the phenomena that bonds fibers together to form a sheet of paper.
VARNISH. An oil-base paint containing a solvent and an evaporating binder that is used to coat a surface with a hard, glossy, thin film.
VOID. A gap pr area of paper missing from the original.
WET PEEL. A method of reducing or removing a mount material involving aqueous treatment, but avoiding immersion in a water bath.
