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Cubes

    "4-away, 2-away Redouble" started 022404 by Gregg Cattanach

There is a thread at r.g.b about how GNU won't automatically redouble when it is 4-away, 2-away and receives a 2-cube.
The contention is that if it sees zero market losing sequences it loses nothing by holding the cube.
In the 'real' world, do any of you ever hold this cube (getting a 2-cube when you are 4-away, 2-away), and if so, how do you decide when to reship? (I always have considered this redouble an automatic one.)
-- Gregg Cattanach


I think not redoubling right away is a little better in the following kind of position.
Say you've got a man on the roof against a closed board with the other 14 checkers on your 1-3 points. I would wait to see if a shot appears and then if the hit/dance sequence makes you a favorite, redouble.
If not, then hope to hit and redouble later when the opponent might make a mistake.
-- John O'Hagan


The thread Gregg mentions, "Why didn't GNU redouble?" started 24 February.
When opponent, leading, having doubled is playing for the match I will sometimes not redouble immediately at various scores without market losers.
If he spends time wondering why I haven't redoubled that's all right with me. I have never not redoubled immediately in hopes of inducing a wrong cube decision, although not redoubling immediately DOES preserve that option.
At 4-away, 2-away if I wait I've gained nothing if I reach 50% ME and opponent mistakenly takes.
The other scenario -- reaching something less than 50% ME with no market losers and inducing a wrong drop seems unlikely, but it COULD happen.
The position below arose from one I posted a few days ago. Red has just doubled and rolled 64, played 8/2 6/2:

White 13 pts vs. Blue 15 pts (Match to 17)

White on roll, cube decision?

+-13-14-15-16-17-18-+---+-19-20-21-22-23-24-+
|1X2X2X2X2X2X ' ' '1X '1X|
|   |
|      |      |
| '6O2O2X2O2O|   | '3O ' ' ' '|
+-12-11-10--9--8--7-+---+--6--5--4--3--2--1-+

Pip counts: White: 105, Red: 64

• White doubles

Gnubg redoubles immediately on 0- 1- 2- and 3-ply. If White rolls 6-6: 21/9 12/6 10/4 and Red follows with 6-4, White HAS lost his market if Red plays 8/2 6/2 or 8/4 5/1.
According to 0-ply rollout, White now wins 51-52% ! But if Red plays 8/2 8/4* White wins 47%. So I don't see which market losers gnubg sees for its immediate redouble.
On 4-ply evaluation gnubg calls the redouble optional.
Over the board, White thought for a couple of minutes before redoubling about whether there were any market losers and the possibility of inducing a cube error. I think White decided that while there appeared to be no market losers, there was also no apparent way to gain by delaying the redouble.
-- Daniel Murphy


I hope I won't offend anyone here, when I say that White should "get a life".
Life is too short to have someone waste someone else's time by thinking 2 minutes about recubing here.
People who do such as White did here do not enhance BG for most of the rest of us.
-- Neil Kazaross


I'm not offended; I wasn't White (or Red). Red wasn't offended; he just wondered what White was thinking about.
What White was thinking about was: is it possible that he might gain by not redoubling immediately playing THIS opponent in THIS position at THIS score? Which seems like a reasonable enough thing to wonder about.
I've cited approvingly Nack Ballard's comment in one of the Backgammon By the Bay Matches.

"Personally, I believe it is extremely rude to one's opponent and to the tournament staff to think as long as many players do, so I do not wish to encourage it.
I recommend study at home, and from that source allow most of the reward to be reaped. When at the table, think a bit only on the tough moves and then be ready to wing it. If by that time the best move doesn't seem obvious, then in my view either you have not yet earned the right to know the answer through enough experience or study, and/or the answer is close, which means there is little equity to give away. Time to make a move."


Yes! But we don't all think as fast as Nack Ballard, and I don't think he meant that we should. And (obviously) what's obvious to some isn't obvious to others.
Should Red have been offended if White had taken 2 minutes to think about taking Red's double the roll before? Or 10 minutes (on a position where, IF you can figure out your winning chances, your decision depends on which equity table you use)? Or 30?
IRL White took about 2 minutes on the initial double. I've seen much more experienced -- "big name" -- players than White take 10 minutes on decisions that weren't nearly as close as this one.
There was a "name" player at the Swedish Open last year who took 30 minutes on a cube decision ... and most likely made the wrong decision. Anyway, I wouldn't have gotten bent out of shape if White had been my opponent -- especially in a clocked game. Then I'd know exactly how much of my life he's allowed to waste.
-- Daniel Murphy


Your opponent is wasting time trying decide if he can take advantage of his opp being unable to later determine whether he has 50% winning chances or not if somehow a position comes up where that opp is slightly less than 50% and the thinker hasn't risked losing his market along the way. What BS this is !! OK ...I'll admit that I've held the cube and not recubed automatically myself, but I take a few seconds to make that decision while shaking my dice. This simply makes the opp think that I forgot to recube and doesn't tip him off to my upcoming use.
As for taking 30 min on a cube decision, the guy should be very ashamed of himself if not clocked, but at least he was trying to determine his equity and not wasting time trying to BS his opponent.
-- Neil Kazaross


In a clocked match, there are still unsportsmanlike uses for time. For example, taking a long time to play something forced when in a hopeless but not gin race at DMP is absurd.
I believe spending a long time on a decision on a huge cube is appropriate. However, if my opponent were intentionally wasting time for no gain, I would call for a director, even if there were clocks. If I were a director, I would be willing to award penalty points in such a situation.
-- Douglas Zare


Mets

    "GNU's default Match Equity Table" started 031204 by Matthias Nilsson

I've heard that the default match equity table by zadeh is not the best one. Which one should I use instead?
Which Met give GNU the optimal results in plays and presents the best analyses?
For practical play, I find Woolsey's table the simplest to learn.
-- Matthias Nilsson


Zadeh is bad. Woolsey MET is well known but has a (too) low gammon rate and lacks accuracy. Mec26 and Snowie (2.1) are similar and considered pretty good, Jacobs is a bit different and also a good choice I think.
-- Robert-Jan Veldhuizen


The principal flaw in my opinion with saying one match equity table or another has too low a gammon rate is that you need to assume
that both players are properly aggressive about going for the gammon even at the risk of additional single game losses.
Most players simply do not blitz enough and are disdainful of making the ace-point for example that bots seem to like and go for the prime instead.
As a generalization blitzes tend to gammon more at the expense of wins and primes tend to win more but at the expense of gammons.
If you use an MET, designed by Snowie in training vs itself for example, then it seems to me you will need to adjust downwards the gammon rate when playing a human opponent.
Much better would be an MET compiled somehow from statistical results from human play so you do not need to make an extra calculation at the board.
-- Matthias Nilsson


Snowie and Mec26 are probably the most accurate at the moment. I often use the Woolsey table, since this is what I would use over the board. Even though it may be a bit less accurate, I can at least remember it, thanks to Neil's Numbers.
If you want a table based on statistical results from human play, then Woolsey is the one. It does feature a lower gammon rate, 21% compared to 26% IIRC. I think it's from the early 90s though, so maybe we've learned to play more aggressively for the gammon since then.
-- Ian Shaw


Achim Muller did a test by having GNU play against itself at equal checkerplay settings with one side using the Woolsey MET and the other side usting the Snowie 2.1 MET.
After 10,000 7-point matches, the Snowie MET came out ahead, winning approx. 52% of the matches compared to approx. 48% for the Woolsey MET.
There are some subtle differences between the Snowie MET and the MEC26 MET, but I would suspect either of them would be good for bot play.
Personally I tend to analyse with either the Jacobs MET (22% gammon rate) or with MEC26. I often go back and re-analyse a match using the Jacobs 100 MET if there was a noticeable skill difference. It's interesting to see how sometimes even using a different MET makes the proper checkerplay different.
-- Ned Cross


  "GNU Backgammon MET advice" started 072705 by Daniel Murphy  

The GNU Backgammon download currently includes 15 match equity tables. Based on the efforts of many peopIe, reported primarily in the rec.games.backgammon and gammonline.com forums, I would currently recommend using any of three of these fifteen with GNU Backgammon:

1. Woolsey-Heinrich Table. This is probably still the most widely used table. I used to use this table with GNU Backgammon because it was the table I was using over the board. It was created by Kit Woolsey about 14 years ago by analyzing the thousand-plus tournament matches in Hal Heinrich's database. However, it is not as accurate as the newest computer generated tables, mainly because (1) insufficient data in the database for all match scores necessitated a "mishmash of empirical data, a program which was based on some assumptions which may not be sound, a lot of judgment, and some fudging" by Woolsey to come up with reasonable numbers for all scores, and (2) championship level tournament players play better now. Sharper play and cube action result, particularly, in a higher gammon rate. When the Woolsey table was made, a gammon rate of 20-21% was commonly accepted. The latest bot-generated data find a gammon rate of 26-27%. As a minor point, this table causes GNU Backgammon to make at least one obvious post-Crawford cube error, as happened in one game in GNU Backgammon's last confrontation with BG Blitz in a computer games olympiad.

2. Snowie version 2.1 table. This table was introduced with the v2.1 patch in July 1999 but is still used today by Snowie version 4. I started using this table with GNU even though I was still using the Woolsey table over the board, because (1) it was an improvement over the Woolsey table (I believe it assumes a gammon rate of 26%) and (2) using this table with GNU aided comparison of GNU and Snowie evaluations and rollouts by eliminating the difference in tables as a source of difference in results.

3. G11 Table (Zorba Table). This is the table I use now. It was generated by Robert-Jan Velduizen in 2003 and is solely based on recursive GNUBG full rollouts of the opening position (0-ply play, 2-ply 100%/25%) up to 9-away scores. It has a theoretical advantage over the Snowie table because it was generated by (a) cubeful play (b) according to score, with whatever effect that has at GG (Gammon Go) and GS (Gammon Save) scores (-2,1 and -1-2 Crawford and similar scores) particularly and consequent trickle-down effects on the entire match table.

Among other tables:

The Zadeh table, first published in 1977, is the default when you download GNU Backgammon, but users should change this immediately:

Settings/Options/Match/Load, followed by Settings/Save Settings

This default should be changed (to Woolsey or G11, probably); nobody uses Zadeh, and any of the latest good tables is a better choice.

The Ortega table was generated by Antonio Ortega and Danny Kleinman by interpolating between Danny Kleinman's old match table and Woolsey's table in order to generate three-decimal match equities, which is useful for computer calculations, but there is no empirical reason to believe the table is accurate, and it has been superseded by newer tables.

The Dunstan table was generated with Gnubg 0.14 (2-Ply 50% Move, 2-Ply 33% Cube) rollouts but only through 5-away scores so far. This post shows how it differs from the G11 table.

I believe that Neil Kazaross and Ian Shaw have stopped work on the Kazaross-Shaw table in favor of the G11 table, which Kazaross has endorsed.

Roy Friedman's table from his 1989 book World Class Backgammon Move by Move (still recommended reading) is not included in the GNUBG download. The table initially enjoyed some popularity but was widely criticized for assuming a gammon rate of 36%. The bots have subsequently shown that this rate is much too high.

The Jacobs-Trice and MEC26 tables are both good and do not differ much from the G11 table. In fact there is not much difference between any of the best tables, and the latest available data generated by having GNU Backgammon play itself using different tables found little difference in results between any of the best match tables.

Bkgm.com archives much discussion of match tables. Woolsey's table may still be the best choice for most players over the board because (1) it is easy to remember, (2) works with Neil's Numbers and (3) a gammon rate of 20-21%% may be closer to what most players attain in actual play than 26-27%. Players interested in comparing match tables should pay particular attention to 3-away and 4-away scores.

-- Daniel Murphy


If you look at scores where both players are more than 3-away and round the G11 figure to the nearest whole percent, you will find that G11 and HW are virtually identical. Of the 28 non-tied scores where both players need 4 or more, both MET's give the exact same winning chance in 25 of them. The only exceptions are: 4a 6a (G11 gives 65%, WH 64%), 5a 11a (G11 80%, WH 81%), and 8a 10a (G11 61%, WH 60%).

Some differences exist at Crawford and 2-away scores along with the well known 3a 4a score. But at scores where both are farther away, the two tables are almost interchangeable.

I think someone once rolled out a huge number of matches where GNU (using HW) played GNU (using Snowie's MET) and the side using Snowie's won by a statistically significant margin.

I decided that Snowie's MET was worth a try and, with a little work, was able to come up with a Neil's number system that is either right or within 1% at all scores in a 15 point match (excepting Crawford, Post-Crawford, and 2a scores). So it's pretty accurate and yet simple enough to use OTB without burning your brain out.

So my advice is to pick an MET and figure out a Neil's number system for it. Remember too the following good advice that GOLer Ilia Guzei once mentioned to me: If your opponent plays too conservatively then his gammon chances might well be in the 20% range which means you should use the HWMET when figuring your opponent's winning chances at a given score.

But if you're up against a shark like Malcolm Davis, Kazaross, Senkiewicz, etc. use the Snowie figure.

-- John O'Hagan


I use g11 because it was rolled out and should be accurate enough. I truly hope that the GNU programmers make g11 or mec26 the standard rather than Zadah's.

I fully believe that if bots get about 27% gammons, today's better players also do.

-- Neil Kazaross


I also use Zorbas g11 as my default MET. The reason I don't use my own MET is that it's only valid for scores upto 5a5a, the rest of the table having been generated by Mec26. I'm not sure whether this is truly a problem or not, as most met's look pretty similar as the match scores are further from finishing.

Another concern I had about my MET was that we humans don't play as well as Gnubg 2-ply, therefore does it make sense for us to use a met that is based on a playing standard that the great majority of players never get close to? I don't think so.

About a year ago I started work on developing a theoretical MET based on the type of calculations and methods described by Tom Keith (I'm not good at doing links, but you'll find it on his site if your interested). My MET is designed to account for differing win rates and gammon rates at different scores and also considers cube liveliness. With the right inputs it actually does a pretty good job of mimicking g11. My work on this project has been in hiatus for a while and I haven't polished off some rough edges yet. What I hope to achieve is a MET that is theoretically consistent with empirical rollouts and is designed to reflect a playing strength somewhere between Gnubg's 0-ply and 2-ply. Naturally, the 2-ply rollouts I've already done are useful benchmarks in this regard.

-- Ian Dunstan


I average the 2 tables. Ian's 2 ply rollouts with others 0 ply. I then use the simple to remember 32% for -2-1C and continue on from there where extrapolation is needed once we are outside your 5 pt match rollouts.

-- Neil Kazaross


"I average the 2 tables. Ian's 2 ply rollouts with others 0 ply."

This is kind of what I had in mind for my theoretical met program. Firstly, find a set of inputs that do a good job of generating a g11 look-a-like (and/or your Kaz/Shaw results); secondly, do the same for inputs that will mimic my 2-ply table; thirdly, average the inputs and see what results. I was also aimimng for a 1a2aC entry of 32%, and I could easily tweak my inputs to get this figure later.

-- Ian Dunstan


   "Is the Ortega/Kleinman MET really way off?" started 111505 by Klaus Evers  

As an Intermediate player, I never made up much thoughts about METs. My first introduction to that subject came with the fine book of Ortega/Kleinman: "Cubes and Gammons near the end of a match". That was an eye-opener for me, and from that point on I kept the current match score into account while playing matches; espec. at -2; -4 of cause.

I went on using the Ortega/Kleinman MET while analysing my matches with GnuBG. I did not care for things like MEC26, g11 and so on, since the O/K MET was in line with the empirical driven chart of Kit Woolsey; which sounds resonable to me.

But, lately I had a little discussion with an expert on FIBS (constantly way over 1950+), and he looked at me like I came frome the stone ages telling him that I _still_ used that old chart. (Sth. like using postcards in times of email, mobile and SMS). Another player (good, but not WC) said it didn't matter much, as long as you at least use one at all and stick to it.

So, how far off am I while using this boring, out-dated chart? what are the main differences, and do they matter at scores like -2;-3 / -2;-4; / -2;-5, which I am mostly interested in? Can the difference between the charts be described in EMG equity or rating points?

Just yesterday I turned on the MEC26 in my GnuBg version, is that better/ best? Can I do some rollouts within GnuBG, giving White the Ortega MEC and Black the MEC26 or g11 ?

Thanks for helping me out of this darkness and confusion.

-- Klaus Evers


Choice of MET is "important" in the sense that if you can get anything at all out of a MET, you want it to be as accurate as possible. Every driblet of equity counts, and saved driblets can mean many monetary units over your lifetime.

It's "unimportant" in the sense that the good player said. Both Ortega-Kleinman and a more modern table (e.g. g11) will steer your plays and cube actions in the same direction. You need to know when (at what scores and in what types of positions) to be aggressive, and when to be conservative.

For example, how is a score of -3 to -2 different from pure GG (-2 to -1 Crawford)? What are examples of how you play differently at those two scores? I submit that the answers won't depend much on the specific MET. Though the specific MET will occasionally point you to different decisions for the same score, that won't happen too frequently or with too great an equity difference. Much more important is to be able to look at the score and "feel" the strength of the bias towards conservativism, aggression, simplicity, or complexity.

First you want to get to the Zen-like state of having the right feelings: to instinctively or involuntarily start steering your play in the right direction. The beginning of such a state is to start slotting and building at GG, versus splitting and running at GS. Then you can make refinements: adding more reference positions to your memory; trying to figure out how much to change strategy against much stronger players (e.g. you'll play simpler positions better than complex positions, but complex positions are more volatile, so, how do you play opening 51 at -3 to -3 against Neil Kazaross? how does your take-point change in a straight race? in a holding game? etc.); refining strategy against weaker players; and there's really no end to refinements you can make.

So if you've already memorized a Woolsey-Heinrich-like MET, you can keep using it for a while, with no really bad consequences. But if you want to be as accurate as possible, ditch Ortega-Kleinman/Woolsey-Heinrich for g11 or for one of the built-in bot MET's. Once you start looking deeply enough into positions for Gammon Price to be important, you'll definitely want the most accurate MET you can get.

-- Marty Storer


I remember seeing experiments in which bot played a large number of matches aginst the same bot, same strength, only with one using an optimal MET and the other a semi-optimal MET. If I recall, optimal MET got a 50.1% - 49.9% edge on a longer match length.

It does not matter much as long as you use one MET in one calculation and the MET makes sense (anything but Zadeh).

-- Casper van der Tak


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