Walter Hohmann (1880-1945) in his book "The
Attainability of Celestial Bodies" carried out seminal work on
interplanetary travel.
"Hohmann's great contribution to astronautical progress was the discovery of a new use for an old objec: the ellipse"
(William McLaughlin)
"Hohmann's great contribution to astronautical progress was the discovery of a new use for an old objec: the ellipse"
(William McLaughlin)
In
the last decade the whole process of planning, selecting and realising
a space mission has undergone substantial changes, in particular as
concerning scientific missions. Large space projects, which needed
typically 10 years realisation times (from proposal to launch) and
budgets of the order of 500 M$, proved to lose momentum with respect to
both, the fast advances in miniaturization and computer science, and
the steady decrease of funding devoted to space activities. Thus all
major space agencies have developed novel strategies in the light of
the better-faster-cheaper
paradygm. This resulted in the development of standard platforms and
the reuse of existing payloads as well as in fully exploiting the
possibility offered by small satellites and launchers in terms of
reduced cost and development time.
Within this
framework, experience has been gained in the many different
aspects involved in the realisation of a space mission: developing general
purposes tools for mission analysis for both near-earth (OPA - orbit perturbation analysis -
software for high precision orbital evolution of high eccentricity and
inclination telecom satellites) and interplanetary
missions (modelling the
Cassini/Huygens probe descent into the windy atmosphere of Titan);
experiencing an
operational environment (SAX, the
Italian X-ray satellite launched
in 1996); proposing
new missions (MERCURY
POLAR ORBITER, PIAZZI, LOCO, AROS, NEARER); participating to
both the Science
Teams (PIAZZI, MASTER)
and the Study
Teams (CASSINI,
ISHTAR, SIMONE) in charge of bringing mission proposals
to a phase-A level system study; following the management of
space programs, in particular concerning the interrelations among the
European Space Agency, the
national agencies of the member states and
the aerospace industrial community.
.
Relying on these
experiences, specific studies are
also carried out on topics directly connected to space mission design.
As an example, the H-plot targeting
strategy for missions aimed to the Near Earth Asteroids has been
proposed for making more efficient the exchange of information between
the science team and the technical counterpart: the choice of a
suitable target in fact involves at the same level mission analysis and
scientific considerations, which in turn implies the interaction among
different methods and different communities. In this respect, the
H-plot method has been successfully applied during the phase - A
studies of the missions ISHTAR (a
rendezvous mission for studying the internal structure of a NEA -
proposed by Astrium Ltd) and SIMONE (a
fleet of small satellites for NEA characterization - proposed by
QinetiQ), selected by ESA after its ITT "NEO Space Mission Preparation". http://www.esa.int/gsp/completed/neo/index.htm
As a member of the CELMEC meetings organising committe, is in charge of the sessions devoted to spaceflight dynamics. http://www.mat.uniroma2.it/celmec
references
Basic Targeting Strategies for Rendezvous and Flyby Missions to the Near-Earth Asteroids. E. Perozzi, A. Rossi and G.B. Valsecchi: Planetary and Space Science 49, 3-22, 2001.
The selection of Near-Earth asteroidal targets for the AROS and NEARER missions. E. Perozzi, A. Rossi and G.B. Valsecchi: in proc . 'Planetary Science: Third Italian Meeting, A. Manara and E. Dotto eds, 2000.
Resonant Flyby Missions to Near-Earth Asteroids. E. Perozzi, L. Casalino, G. Colasurdo, A. Rossi and G.B. Valsecchi: Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 83, 49-62, 2002.
Dynamical and Compositional Assessment of Near-Earth Object Mission Targets. R.P. Binzel, E. Perozzi, A.S. Rivkin, A. Rossi, A.W. Harris, S.J. Bus, G.B. Valsecchi, S.M. Slivan: Meteoritics and Planetary Science (in press) 2004.
On the Attainability of the Near Earth Asteroids. E. Perozzi, L. Casalino, A. Rossi, G.B. Valsecchi: in proc. 'Planetary Science, Fifth Italian Meeting', (in press) 2004.
Science Small Mission Opportunities in Italy: Some Remarks. E. Perozzi: In proc. 'Planetary Science: First Italian Meeting, A.Manara, F.Migliorini, P.Paolicchi eds, 1996.
Space Systems and Services for Planetary Missions. E. Perozzi, L. Bruca, A. Coletta, R. Devoti, G. Di Genova, R. Ligi, C. Valente: in proc . 'Planetary Science: Second Italian Meeting, A.Manara, P.Paolicchi, E. Dotto eds, 1999.
Telespazio as a possibile Operator in the frame of Interplanetary Missions A. Coletta, S. Matarazzo, E. Perozzi, C. Valente: in proc . 'Planetary Science: Fourth Italian Meeting, A.Manara and E. Dotto eds, 2002.
PIAZZI: a Space Mission to the Apollo-Amor Asteroids. Assessment Study Report. V. Zappalà, P. Farinella, A. Milani, L. Anselmo, P. Paolicchi, C. Barbieri, F. Angrilli, G. Bianchini, V. Pirronello, C. Blanco, V. Vanzani, A. Caporali, A. Carusi, R. Bianchi, P. Cerroni, M. Fulchignoni, M.A. Barucci, E. Perozzi, A. Manara, M. Di Martino, P. Rafanelli, M. Fulle, C. Casacci. Aeritalia, Space Systems Group, 1987
MASTER ( Mars + Asteroid): a Flexible Mission connecting different worlds. ESA Flexi-Mission Assessment Study Report. A. Balogh, M.A. Barucci, C. Carr, A. Coradini, M.C. De Sanctis, F. Ferri, M. Grande, C.-I. Lagerkvist, M. Patzold, E. Perozzi, N. Thomas. ESA-SCI (2000)5, 134 pp., July 2000.
ISHTAR: Internal Structure High-resolution Tomography by Asteroid Rendezvous ESA NEO Mission Preparation Phase-A Study Report. .P. D'Arrigo, M. Smith, S. Kemble and B. Parkinson (Astrium Ltd), M.A. Barucci (Observatoire de Paris-Meudon), A. Ball and S. Green (PSSRI - The Open University), E. Perozzi (Telespazio), E. Dotto (Osservatorio di Roma) ESA contract Final Report, January 2003.
SIMONE: Smallsat Intercept Missions to Objects Near Earth ESA NEO Mission Preparation Phase-A Study Report. N. Wells and R. Walker (QinetiQ), S. Green, J. Zarnecki and A. Ball (PSSRI - The Open University), C. Lee and M. Townend (SSL), F. Bernelli (Politecnico di Milano), E. Perozzi (Telespazio). ESA contract Final Report, January 2003
E. Perozzi: Brava GIOTTO, un Capolavoro. L'Astronomia 55, 8-18, 1986.
E. Perozzi: La Missione CASSINI. L'Astronomia 61, 22-31, 1986.
E. Perozzi: Pensare in Piccolo. L'Astronomia 163, 22-29, 1996
E. Perozzi: I Nuovi Orizzonti dell’ESA. L'Astronomia 216, 2001.
Within this
framework, experience has been gained in the many different
aspects involved in the realisation of a space mission: developing general
purposes tools for mission analysis for both near-earth (OPA - orbit perturbation analysis -
software for high precision orbital evolution of high eccentricity and
inclination telecom satellites) and interplanetary
missions (modelling the
Cassini/Huygens probe descent into the windy atmosphere of Titan);
experiencing an
operational environment (SAX, the
Italian X-ray satellite launched
in 1996); proposing
new missions (MERCURY
POLAR ORBITER, PIAZZI, LOCO, AROS, NEARER); participating to
both the Science
Teams (PIAZZI, MASTER)
and the Study
Teams (CASSINI,
ISHTAR, SIMONE) in charge of bringing mission proposals
to a phase-A level system study; following the management of
space programs, in particular concerning the interrelations among the
European Space Agency, the
national agencies of the member states and
the aerospace industrial community.Relying on these
experiences, specific studies are
also carried out on topics directly connected to space mission design.
As an example, the H-plot targeting
strategy for missions aimed to the Near Earth Asteroids has been
proposed for making more efficient the exchange of information between
the science team and the technical counterpart: the choice of a
suitable target in fact involves at the same level mission analysis and
scientific considerations, which in turn implies the interaction among
different methods and different communities. In this respect, the
H-plot method has been successfully applied during the phase - A
studies of the missions ISHTAR (a
rendezvous mission for studying the internal structure of a NEA -
proposed by Astrium Ltd) and SIMONE (a
fleet of small satellites for NEA characterization - proposed by
QinetiQ), selected by ESA after its ITT "NEO Space Mission Preparation". http://www.esa.int/gsp/completed/neo/index.htm As a member of the CELMEC meetings organising committe, is in charge of the sessions devoted to spaceflight dynamics. http://www.mat.uniroma2.it/celmec
referencesSecond Italian Meeting
on Celestial Mechanics.
A. Celletti, A. Milani, E. Perozzi
(editors): Planetary and
Space Science,
Special Issue, vol.46 n.11/12, 215 pp, Nov/Dec 1998.
Dynamics of the CASSINI Titan Close Encounter. E. Perozzi: in proc. 'The Solid Bodies of the Outer Solar System', ESA SP-242, A.Coradini & M.Fulchignoni eds, 283-289, 1986.
CASSINI Mission Analysis: an Introduction. W. Flury & E. Perozzi: ESA-ESOC Mission Analysis Office WP 211, 36 pp, 1984.
CASSINI Mission Analysis: the Effects of Titan Winds on the Probe Descent Trajectory. E. Perozzi: ESA-ESOC Mission Analysis Office WP 220, 21 pp, 1985.
CASSINI Assessment Study: Titan Probe Mission Analysis. W. Flury & E. Perozzi: ESA-ESOC Mission Analysis Office WP 225, 47 pp, 1985.
SAX Mission Analysis. Sax Ground Support System. E. Perozzi, L. Reboa, S. Carlini: TPZ/GO.ORD-100/WN-SAX, 1991.
Antenna Pointing Elements and Sequence of Events Programs for the SAX Mission. E. Perozzi: Sax Ground Support System, TPZ/GO.ORD-121/WN-SAX, 1994.
Small Satellite Missions to Long-Period Comets. E. Perozzi & E.M. Pittich: in proc. 'Small Satellites Systems and Services', CNES, 181-184, 1992.
Small Satellite Missions to Long-Period Comets: The Hale-Bopp Opportunity. E. Perozzi, G. Rondinelli, G. Di Genova, E.M. Pittich, G.B. Valsecchi: Acta Astronautica Vol.39 No 1-4, pp 45-50, 1996.
On Targeting Long-Period and New Comets for Small Satellite Missions. E. Perozzi and V. Fabiani: in proc. 'Space Exploration and Resources Exploitation - Explospace Workshop. ESA WPP-151, P.3.1-P.3.6, 1998
Exploiting Earth Horseshoe Orbits for
Space Missions. G.B.
Valsecchi and E. Perozzi: Planetary
and Space Science, vol.46 n.11/12, 1623-1626, 1998.Dynamics of the CASSINI Titan Close Encounter. E. Perozzi: in proc. 'The Solid Bodies of the Outer Solar System', ESA SP-242, A.Coradini & M.Fulchignoni eds, 283-289, 1986.
CASSINI Mission Analysis: an Introduction. W. Flury & E. Perozzi: ESA-ESOC Mission Analysis Office WP 211, 36 pp, 1984.
CASSINI Mission Analysis: the Effects of Titan Winds on the Probe Descent Trajectory. E. Perozzi: ESA-ESOC Mission Analysis Office WP 220, 21 pp, 1985.
CASSINI Assessment Study: Titan Probe Mission Analysis. W. Flury & E. Perozzi: ESA-ESOC Mission Analysis Office WP 225, 47 pp, 1985.
SAX Mission Analysis. Sax Ground Support System. E. Perozzi, L. Reboa, S. Carlini: TPZ/GO.ORD-100/WN-SAX, 1991.
Antenna Pointing Elements and Sequence of Events Programs for the SAX Mission. E. Perozzi: Sax Ground Support System, TPZ/GO.ORD-121/WN-SAX, 1994.
Small Satellite Missions to Long-Period Comets. E. Perozzi & E.M. Pittich: in proc. 'Small Satellites Systems and Services', CNES, 181-184, 1992.
Small Satellite Missions to Long-Period Comets: The Hale-Bopp Opportunity. E. Perozzi, G. Rondinelli, G. Di Genova, E.M. Pittich, G.B. Valsecchi: Acta Astronautica Vol.39 No 1-4, pp 45-50, 1996.
On Targeting Long-Period and New Comets for Small Satellite Missions. E. Perozzi and V. Fabiani: in proc. 'Space Exploration and Resources Exploitation - Explospace Workshop. ESA WPP-151, P.3.1-P.3.6, 1998
Basic Targeting Strategies for Rendezvous and Flyby Missions to the Near-Earth Asteroids. E. Perozzi, A. Rossi and G.B. Valsecchi: Planetary and Space Science 49, 3-22, 2001.
The selection of Near-Earth asteroidal targets for the AROS and NEARER missions. E. Perozzi, A. Rossi and G.B. Valsecchi: in proc . 'Planetary Science: Third Italian Meeting, A. Manara and E. Dotto eds, 2000.
Resonant Flyby Missions to Near-Earth Asteroids. E. Perozzi, L. Casalino, G. Colasurdo, A. Rossi and G.B. Valsecchi: Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 83, 49-62, 2002.
Dynamical and Compositional Assessment of Near-Earth Object Mission Targets. R.P. Binzel, E. Perozzi, A.S. Rivkin, A. Rossi, A.W. Harris, S.J. Bus, G.B. Valsecchi, S.M. Slivan: Meteoritics and Planetary Science (in press) 2004.
On the Attainability of the Near Earth Asteroids. E. Perozzi, L. Casalino, A. Rossi, G.B. Valsecchi: in proc. 'Planetary Science, Fifth Italian Meeting', (in press) 2004.
Science Small Mission Opportunities in Italy: Some Remarks. E. Perozzi: In proc. 'Planetary Science: First Italian Meeting, A.Manara, F.Migliorini, P.Paolicchi eds, 1996.
Space Systems and Services for Planetary Missions. E. Perozzi, L. Bruca, A. Coletta, R. Devoti, G. Di Genova, R. Ligi, C. Valente: in proc . 'Planetary Science: Second Italian Meeting, A.Manara, P.Paolicchi, E. Dotto eds, 1999.
Telespazio as a possibile Operator in the frame of Interplanetary Missions A. Coletta, S. Matarazzo, E. Perozzi, C. Valente: in proc . 'Planetary Science: Fourth Italian Meeting, A.Manara and E. Dotto eds, 2002.
PIAZZI: a Space Mission to the Apollo-Amor Asteroids. Assessment Study Report. V. Zappalà, P. Farinella, A. Milani, L. Anselmo, P. Paolicchi, C. Barbieri, F. Angrilli, G. Bianchini, V. Pirronello, C. Blanco, V. Vanzani, A. Caporali, A. Carusi, R. Bianchi, P. Cerroni, M. Fulchignoni, M.A. Barucci, E. Perozzi, A. Manara, M. Di Martino, P. Rafanelli, M. Fulle, C. Casacci. Aeritalia, Space Systems Group, 1987
MASTER ( Mars + Asteroid): a Flexible Mission connecting different worlds. ESA Flexi-Mission Assessment Study Report. A. Balogh, M.A. Barucci, C. Carr, A. Coradini, M.C. De Sanctis, F. Ferri, M. Grande, C.-I. Lagerkvist, M. Patzold, E. Perozzi, N. Thomas. ESA-SCI (2000)5, 134 pp., July 2000.
ISHTAR: Internal Structure High-resolution Tomography by Asteroid Rendezvous ESA NEO Mission Preparation Phase-A Study Report. .P. D'Arrigo, M. Smith, S. Kemble and B. Parkinson (Astrium Ltd), M.A. Barucci (Observatoire de Paris-Meudon), A. Ball and S. Green (PSSRI - The Open University), E. Perozzi (Telespazio), E. Dotto (Osservatorio di Roma) ESA contract Final Report, January 2003.
SIMONE: Smallsat Intercept Missions to Objects Near Earth ESA NEO Mission Preparation Phase-A Study Report. N. Wells and R. Walker (QinetiQ), S. Green, J. Zarnecki and A. Ball (PSSRI - The Open University), C. Lee and M. Townend (SSL), F. Bernelli (Politecnico di Milano), E. Perozzi (Telespazio). ESA contract Final Report, January 2003
E. Perozzi: Brava GIOTTO, un Capolavoro. L'Astronomia 55, 8-18, 1986.
E. Perozzi: La Missione CASSINI. L'Astronomia 61, 22-31, 1986.
E. Perozzi: Pensare in Piccolo. L'Astronomia 163, 22-29, 1996
E. Perozzi: I Nuovi Orizzonti dell’ESA. L'Astronomia 216, 2001.