Aliens of the Star Trek Universe
Andorians were once a fierce and warlike people who, as a culture, decided to change the entire political structure of their planet.  They collectively 'forgot' their history and recreated a world based on the needs of their people and the new idea of the 'greater good'.  They are still excellent warriors, but fight with honor and for the honor of their homeworld.
At this point in the history of the Trek universe, the Bajorans are a conquered people.  Cardassia rules their world, although the Bajorans fight back at every opportunity.  Bajorans are intensely spiritual and honorable.
The Cardassians are officially an ally of the Federation during this period in history.  They are a conquering race and their political infrastructure rivals any in the known universe.  Most Cardassians are loyal to their homeworld, sometimes to a fault, but individual Cardassians choose how to best show their allegence.
Edoans are a new member of the Federation but quickly took to service in Starfleet, most notably Mr. Arex who served aboard the Enterprise as helmsman.  Edoans are excellent soldiers and calm in almost any situation.
Ferengi have only just made contact with the Federation, mostly through negative means.  Ferengi have a culture built around commerce and trade above all else.  Ferengi follow a code of business that always seems to give them the upper hand.
Gorn maintain a neutral stance toward the Federation, officially, but often come into conflict with Federation ships.  Gorn view all mammalian life as food and refuse to ammend their view in light of new contacts.  Prisoners of the Gorn do not live long.  Gorn serve the needs of their clan and their own desire for wealth and power.  Gorns ships are a force to be reckoned with, hulking masses bedecked with disrupters and torpedoes.  Klingons long ago signed a peace accord with the Gorn at a high price to ensure that their shipping lanes weren't pirated.
Klingons are a warrior species, conquerers throughout their history.  Recent events have changed that as Praxis' explosion left the empire vulnerable and withoug supplies.  Klingon borders have begun to shrink and a long awaited peace accord was signed, known as the 'Kitomer Treaty' that ended hosilities between the Federation and the Empire.  Neither side is comfortable with the accord at this time, but both are living with it out of necessity and perhaps even relief.
Orions are traders and slavers found working in almost every segment of the Universe.  Male Orions look human, but females have a green skin tone.  Orions view women as property and often will not even speak with female Federation captains.  Orions are considered very untrustworthy by most in the Federation and are often killed outright in the Klingon Empire.  They are known to trade with whomever has the most to offer at the moment, only to stab them in the back if the stakes are raised by another party.
Tellerites are known to be argumenative and stubborn to the point of immobility, but are a valued member of the Federation.  They were the first species to make contact and open trade with the newly formed Federation and have seen to it that their value does not diminish.  Tellerites are often opportunistic and will even break their own treaties if it serves their motives.  Tellerites serve in Starfleet and prove themselves to be just as loyal to the corps as to their own world. 
Romulans are a warrior offshoot of the Vulcan bloodline that long ago colonized a new series of planets and began its feudal society.  Romulans share a code of honor that Vulcans admire, but see that the end justifies the means in most cases.  Romulans are expansionistic and attempt to better the empire at all costs.  They have seized every opportunity to incite riots and aid in the downfall of the Klingon Empire, as well as within other smaller governments.  Political power and prestige are important to Romulans, whereas wealth is almost not even a factor.
Vulcans are a logical and pacifistic people, although they will resort to war if necessary.  Most vulcans prefer to study science and mathematics, but others find that Starfleet offers them the opportunity to study cultures and races far better than any classroom setting.  Still other Vulcans have a kind of 'wunderlust' that drives them to see the universe.  Often thought to be cold and unfeeling, Vulcans long ago gave up their emotions and follow a path of true logic.  This does not mean that they do not feel, simply that they do not act on feelings, but study each situation to determine the best source of action.  Vulcans serve in all brances of Starfleet, as well as working in coutless labs throughout the galaxy.
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