1. Newton's law predict the motion of most objects. As a basis for understanding this concept:
a. How to solve problems that involve constant speed and average speed.
b. That when forces are balances, no acceleration occurs; thus an object continues to move at a constant speed or stays at rest. (Newton's first law).
c. How to apply the law F=ma to solve one-dimensional motion problems that involve constant forces (Newton's second law).
d. That when one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object always exerts a force of equal magnitude and in the opposite direction (Newton's third law).
e. The relationship between the universal law of gravitation and the effect of gravity on an object at the surface of Earth.
f. Applying a force to an object perpendicular to the direction of its motion causes the object to change direction but not speed (e.g., Earth's gravitational force causes a satellite in a circular orbit to change direction but not speed).
g. Circular motion requires the application of a constant force directed toward the center of the circle.
h. Newton's laws are not exact but provide very good approximations unless an object is moving close to the speed of light or is small enough that quantom effects are important.
i. How to solve two-dimensional trajectory problems.
j. How to resolve two-dimensional vectors into their components and calculate the magnitude and direction of a vector from its components.
k. How to solve two-dimensional problem involving balanced forces (statics).
l. How to solve problems in a circular motion by using the formula for centripetal acceleration in the following form: a = v squared/r.
m. How to solve problems involving the forces between two electric charges at a distance (Coulomb's law) or the forces between two masses at a distance (universal gravitation).
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY AND MOMENTUM
2. The laws of conservation of energy and momentum provide a way to predict and describe the movement of objects. As a basis for understanding this concept:
a. How to calculate kinetic energy by using the formula E = (1/2)mv squared.
b. How to calculate changes in grabitational potential energy near Earth by using the formula (change in potential energy) = mgh. (h is the change in the elevation).
c. How to solve problems involving converstaion of energy in simple systems, such as falling objects.
d. How to calculate momentum as the product mv.
e. Momentum is a separetely conserved quantity different from energy.
f. An unbalanced force on an object produces a change in its momentum.
g. How to solve problems involving elastic and inelastic collisions in one dimension by using the principles of conservation of momentum and energy.
h. How to solve problems involving conservation of energy in simple systems with various sources of potential energy, such as capacitors and springs.
HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS
3. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, although in many processes energy is transferred to the environment as heat. As a basisfor understanding this concept:
a. Heat flow and work are two forms of energy transfer between systems.
b. That the work done by a heat engine that is working in a cycle is the difference between the heat flow into the engine at high temperature and the heat flow out at a lower temperature (first law of thermodynamics) and that this is an example of the law of conservation of energy.
c. The internal energy of an object includes the energy of random motion of the object's atoms and molecules, often referred to as thermal energy. The greater the temperature of the object, the greater the energy of motion of the atoms and molecules that make up the object.
d. That most processes tend ot decrease the order of a system over time and that energy levels are eventually distributed uniformly.
e. That entropy is a quantity that measure the order or disorder of a system and that this quantity is larger for a more disordered system.
f. The statement "Entropy tends to increase" is a law of statistical probability that governs all closed systems (second law of thermodynamics)
g. How to solve problems involving heat flow, work, and efficiency in a heat engine and know that all real engines lose some heat to their surroundings.