4. Waves have characteristic properties that do not depend on the type of wave. As a basis for understanding this concept:
a. Waves carry energy from one place to another.
b. How to identify transverse and longitudinal waves in mechanical media, such as speings and ropes, and on the earth (seismic waves).
c. How to solve problems involving wavelength, frequency, and wave speed.
d. Sound is a longitudinal wave whose speed depends on the properties of the medium in which it propagates.
e. Radio waves, light, and X-rays are different wavelength bands in the spectrum of electromagnetic waves whose speed in a vacuum is approximately 3 x 10 to the eight m/s (186,000 miles/seconds)
f. How to identify the characteristic properties of waves: interference (beats), diffraction, regraction, Doppler effect, and polarization.
ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC PHENOMENA
5. Electric and magnetic phenomena are related and have many practical applications. As a basis for understanding this concept:
a. How to predict the voltage or current in simple direct current (DC) electric circuits contructed from batteries, wires, resistors, and capacitors.
b. How to solve problems involving Ohm's law.
c. Any resistive element in a DC circuit dissipates energy, which heats the resistor. Students can calculate the power (rate of energy dissipation) in any resistive curcuit element by using the formula Power = IR (potential difference) x I (current) = 1 to the second R.
d. The properties of transistors and the role of transistors in electric circuits.
e. Charged particles are sources of electric fields and are subject tot he forces of te electric fields from other charges.
f. Magnetic materials and electric currents (moving electric charges) are sources of magnetic fields and are subject to forces arising from the magnetic fields of other sources.
g. How to determine the direction of a magnetic field produced by a current flowing in a straight wire or in a coil.
h. Changing the magnetic fields produce electric fields, thereby inducing currents in nearby conductors.
i. Plasmas, the fourth state of matter, contain ions or free electrons or both and conduct electricity.
j. Electric and magnetic fields contain energy and act as vector force fields.
k. The force on a charged particle in an electric field in qE, where E is the electric field at the position of the particle and q is the charge of the particle.
l. How to calculate the electric field resulting from a point charge.
m. Static electric fields have as their source some arrangement of electric charges.
n. The magnitude of the force on a moving particle (with charge q) in a magnetic field is qvB sin(a), where a is the angle between v and B (v and B are the magnitudes of vectors v and B, respectively), and students use the right-hand rule to find the direction of this force.
o. How to apply the concepts of electrical and gravitational potential energy to solve problems involving convervation of energy.