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Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi
(31 July 1907-29 June 1966)
V. V. GOKHALE
Death overtook Professor D. D. Kosambi in his bed in the early
hours of 29 June 1966 prematurely and almost surreptitiously, after he had
been declared generally fit on the previous day by his family doctor. It
was a case of myocardial infract. A glance at, the accompanying list of his
publications will bring home to us the serious loss the world of
progressive and talented writers has suffered and the void his death has
left among the leading savants of renascent India.
Born at Kosben in Goa, then under the rule of the Portuguese
colonialists, Damodar Kosambi was brought up in a family known for its
rigorous standards of learning and social behaviour. He had inherited from
his father, the renowned Buddhist scholar Dharmanand Kosambi, an insatiable
spirit of inquiry, a love of wandering and a sharp, versatile intellect,
which took him quickly ahead of his co- workers and gave his views a rare
sense of originality. After some schooling in India, his father, who had
accepted a teaching assignment at Harvard (USA), took him to the Cambridge
Latin School, where as a boy of eleven he dedicated himself to a student's
hard life until after about eight years we see him emerging as a brilliant
young graduate of the Harvard University in Mathematics, History and
Languages. On returning to India he worked for a few years at the Banaras
Hindu University and then at the Aligarh Muslim University before he
decided to settle down in Poona in 1932 as Professor of Mathematics
at the Fergusson College--a college known for its pioneering services in
the field of national education and where his father had taught for many
years and laid the foundations of Buddhist Studies in western India. It was
during the crucial period of fourteen years he spent at this college:,
which be in lighter vein characterized as "Rama's exile into the
wilderness", that Professor Kosambi carried on an incessant struggle
for mastery in various fields of knowledge and laid the foundations of his
greatness as a scholar and a thinker .
Endowed with a powerful and far-reaching imagination and an
outstanding mathematical ability, Kosambi, who had concentrated his mind
almost exclusively upon mathematical research up to 1939, was gradually led
to use his abstract methods for obtaining new results in various branches
of social sciences. He began by applying statistical methods to Indian
numismatics. He was seen weighing with the utmost precision and unremitting
zeal thousands of punch-marked coins obtained from different museums in the
country and thrashing out his data until he could establish their
chronological sequence, forward convincing arguments regarding the economic
conditions under which they could bave been minted, and discover facts
about the dynastic history of the pre-Mauryan period, based upon a wide
study of the ancient literary sources and his new metrological findings.
The more he examined the productive spirit working behind the panorama of
Indian history, the more charmed he was by the manifold aspects of Indian.
culture, the past as well as the present. While giving mathematical
precision to his ideas in the various branches of humanities, he turned
almost instinctively to his Sanskrit inheritance. His frank and scholarly
estimate of Bhartrhari's aphorisms and later of Vidyakara's anthology, Subhasitaratnakosa,
was a standing testimony to his versatile genius and quick mastery of
the latest advances in literary criti- cism. In these and other Indological
shldies covering a wide range of subjects from the Vedic and the Epic to
the classical literature of India he owed as much to Sukthankaros
prolegomena to the critical edition of the Mahabharata as to the
most modern standards of criticism in the West.
Being deeply preoccupied with the entire field of knowledge as it
were, it was no wonder that his mathematical lectures in the Fergusson
College seemed to go well over the heads of the postgraduate candidates.
That as a result of this Kosambi had to leave the college ought to open our
eyes to the dangers involved in our borrowing an examination- ridden system
and uninspiring standards of education in this country. The width of his comprehension
and his penetrating researches, however, had been making their mark among
the scientific circles of India and abroad. It was not long before he was
offered the Chair for Mathematics in the Tata Institute of Fundamental
Research. of Bombay in 1946, which he held for the next sixteen years. The
new position offered him opportunities of developing closer contacts with
scholars of his own calibre all over the world and of meeting his financial
responsibilities better than before. Kosambi, however, could not relish the
conditions under which he had to work. Living in his own house in the BORI
Colony, Poona, he had to march every morning to the railway station and
make the "Deccan Queen" his second home in order to attend to his
duties in Bombay. Besides, a man of his temperament, solely dedicated to
the pursuit of knowledge and social enlightenment, was entitled, he
thought, to a freedom of thought and action, such as we hardly expect to
meet with in an emergent society struggling for its economic independence.
All the same, he was able now not only to give a final shape to some of his
earlier studies, but also to launch upon new orientations in the fields of
Biology, Ethnology, Archaeology and Prehistory. And every now and then we
see him turning back from his study of the social sciences to the
development of his research in the comparatively abstract or pure fields of
science: the last book he sent out for publication dealt with Prime
Numbers. His last major work, The Culture and Civilisation of Ancient
India in Historical Outline (London, 1965) , which has now come to be
translated into several European and Asian languages, set the seal of
recognition on his vast erudition, his ability to discover basic motives of
human civilization and his brilliant powers of exposition.
It is not for us to estimate the scientific advances made by
Professor Kosambi in the fields of Genetics, Statistics and Mathematics or
the part played by him in various other spheres of activity, e.g., in his
capacity as Member of the World Peace Council visiting the socialist
countries of the East and the West. He believed in the Marxist method of
interpreting and changing the human society, but did not hesitate to revise
the data of Marx himself in the light of modern research. As an independent
thinker with a passionate devotion to scientific research, he seemed to be
almost exclusively preoccupied with his own intellectual pursuits. As such,
he was sometimes accused of brusqueness and intolerance, but he had
obviously no use, nor time for all the sophistications of our normal social
life, nor could he afford to waste his energies on empty rituals and
ceremonies, except for treating them as objects or his anthropological
studies. And yet, whenever he found some time to relax, his childlike
simplicity and sparkling wit were most refreshing even to those who were
nearest to him and he spread laughter and sunshine around him. Towards his
friends he was generous to a fault, his inner life was marked by an
unmistakable streak of asceticism, while his ethical standards were
unusually high and severe. Professor D. D. Kosambi deserves to be
remembered as one of the highly gifted and versatile scientific workers and
indefatigable scholars of modern India for whom a relentless search for the
highest human values was the only natural way of life.
(Reprinted from the .4nnals of the Bhan4arkar Oriental
Research Institute, xlvii (Poona, 1967),118-30. )
BOOKS AND ARTICLES BY D. D. KOSAMBI
(Based on his notes )
I. Books
1. An Introduction to the Study of Indian History (Popular Book
Depot, Bombay, 1956).
2. Exasperating Essays: Exercise in the Dialectical Method (People's Book House, Poona,
1957) .
3. Myth and Reality: Studies in the Formation of Indian Culture (Popular
Prakashail, Bombay, 1962).
4. The Culture and Civilisation of Ancient India in Historical Outline (Routledge
& Kegan Paul, London, 1965) .
II. Edited Works
1. The Satakatrayam of Bhartrhari with the Comm. of Ramarsi, edited in collaboration with
Pt. K. V. Krishnamoorthi Sharma (Anandasrama Sanskrit Series, No.127,
Poona, 1945), pp. 2+140+6+1.
2. The Southern Archetype of Epigrams Ascribed to Bhartrhari (Bharatiya
Vidya Series 9, Bombay, 1946), pp. 176+ 13+8. (First critical edition of a
Bhartrhari recension.)
3. The Epigrams Attributed to Bhartrhari (Singhi Jain Series 23,
Bombay, 1948), pp. viii+82+240. (Comprehensive edition of the poet's work
remarkable for rigorous standards of text criticism.)
4. The Subhasitaratnakosa of Vidyakara, edited in collaboration with
V.V. Gokhale (Harvard Oriental Series 42, 1957)
5. The Cintamani-saranika of Dasabala; Supplement to Journal of
Oriental Research, xix, pt, II (Madras, 1952) . viii+15, (A Sanskrit
astronomical work which shows that King Bhoja of Dhara died in 1055-56.)
III. Arlicles
1.
"Precessions of an Elliptical Orbit", The
Indian Journal of Physics, v, pt. III ( 1930) , 359-64.
2.
"On a Generalization of the Second Theorem of
Bourbaki", Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences, UP, i ( 1931
) ( 3 pages).
3.
"Modem Differential Geometries", The
Indian Journal of Physics, vii, pt. II (1932), 159-64.
4.
"On the Existence of a Metric and the Inverse
Variational Problem", Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences, UP,
ii (1932), 17-28.
5. "Geometrie Differentielle et Calcul des
Variations", Rendiconti della R. Accademia Nazionale Dei Lincei, xvi,
Series 6 ( 1932) , 410-15.
6.
"On Differential Equations with the Group
Property", Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society, xix
(1932), 215-19.
7. "Affin-geometrische Grundlagen der Einheitlichen
Feld- theorie", Sitzungsberichten der Preuss B. Akademic der
Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse, xxviii (1932),
342-45.
8.
"The Classification of Integers", Journal
of the University of Bolnbay, ii, pt. II (1933), 18-20.
9.
"The Problem of Differential Invariants", Journal
of the Indian Mathematical Society, xx (1933), 185-88.
10.
"Parallelism and Path-spaces", Mathemati8che
Zeitschrift, xxxvii (1933), 608-18.
11.
"Collineations in Path-space", Journal
of the Indian Mathematical Society, i ( 1934) , 69-72.
12.
"Continuous Groups and Two Theorems of
Euler", The Mathematics Student, ii (1934), 94-100.
13.
"The Maximum Modulus Theorem", Journal
of the University of Bombay, iii, pt. II (1934), 11-12.
14.
"Systems of Differential Equations of the Second
Order", The Quarterly Jourllal of Mathematics, vi (Oxford,
1935), 1-12.
15.
"Homogeneous Metrics", Proceedings of
the Indian Academy of Science, i (1935), 952-54.
16.
"An Affine Calculus of Variations", Ibid.
ii ( 1935) , 333- 35.
17.
"Differential Geometry of the Laplace
Equation", Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society', ii
(1936), 141-43.
18.
"Path-spaces of Higher Order", The
Quarterly Journal of Mathematics, vii (Oxford, 1936), 97-104.
19.
"Path-geometry and Cosmogony", Ibid. pp.
290-293.
20. "Les metriques homogenes dans les espaces
cosmogoniques", Comptes Rendus, ccvi (Paris, 1938) , 1086-88.
21. "Les espacts des paths generalises qu'on peut
associer avec un espace de Finsler", Ibid. pp. 1538-41.
22.
"The Tensor Analysis of Partial Differential
Equations", Journal of the Indian Matlrematical Society, iii (
1939) , 249-53.
23.
"A Note on the Trial of
Sokrates", Fergusson College Magazine (1939), pp. 1-6 (Sokrates
and the class war of his day); Reprinted in Exasperating Essays.
24.
"The Emergence of National Characteristics among
Three Indo- European Peoples", Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental
Research Institute, xx, . pt. II (Poona, 1940), 195-206. (Trial
speculation on Indology.)
25.
(a) "The Function of Leadership in a Mass
Movement";
(b) "The Cawnpore Road", Fergusson College Maga- zine (1939-40),
pp. 1-7 (A critique of dialectical- materialistic social theory; a story
published under the pseudonym "Ahriman"); Reprinted in Exasperating
Essays.
26.
(a) "Revolution and the Progress of
Science", New Age, v, 320-25. (A survey of the effects of the
Revolution, upon Mathematics in the USSR);
(b) "Science Learns the Goose-step", Ibid. pages unknown, as the
Journal was suppressed soon after
27.
"Path-equations Admitting the Lorentz
(Group-I)", Journal of the London Mathematical Society, xv
(1940), 86-91.
28.
"A Statistical Study of the
Weights of the Old Indian Punch-marked Coins", Current Science, ix
(1940), 312- 14.
29.
"A Note on Two Hoards of Punch-marked Coins
Found at Taxila", New Indian Antiquary, iii (1940), 156-57.
30.
"The Concept of Isotropy in Generalized
Path-spaces", Journal of Indian Mathematical Society, iv
(1940), 80-88. 31 ."
31.
A Note on Frequency Distribution in Series", The
Mathematics Student, viii (1940) , 151-55.
32.
"On the Study and Metrology of Silver
Punch-marked Coins", New Indian Antiquary, iv (1941), 1-35 and
49-76 (Numismatics as a science, with an application to its most difficult
problem) ; (b) Additions and Corrections, Ibid. v (1942).
33.
"A Bivariate Extension of Fisher's Z Test",
Current Science, x (1941), 191-92.
34.
"Correlation and Time Series", Ibid. pp.
372-74. 35 .
35.
"The Quality of Renunciation in Bhartihari's
Poetry". Fergusson College Magazine (1941). (A Study in
Comparative Literature) .Republished with changes in Bharatiya Vidya (1946),
pp. 49-62. Reprinted in Exasperating Essays.
36.
"Path-equations Admitting the Lorentz
(Group-II)", Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society, v
(1941), 62-72.
37.
"On the Origin and Development of Silver Coinage
in India", Current Science, x (1941), 395-400. (Shows that the
punch-marked coinage system developed from Mohenjodaro cut silver pieces.)
38.
"On Valid Tests of Linguistic Hypotheses", New
Indian Antiquary, v (1942), 21-24.
39.
"Zeros and Closure of Orthogonal
Functions", Journol of the Indian Mathematical Society, vi
(1942), 16-24.
40.
"The Effect of Circulation upon the Weight of
Metallic Currency", Current Science, xi (1942), 227-31.
41.
"A Test of Significance for Multiple
Observations", Ibid. pp. 271-74.
42.
"Progress in the Production and Consumption of
Textile Goods in India", Journal of Indian Merchants' Chamber (Bombay,
1943) , pp. 11-15. Published as by "Vidyarthi" and Miss Sushila
Gokhale.
43.
"Race and Immunity in India", New Indian
Antiquary, vi (1943), 29-33.
44.
"Statistics in Function Space", JournaJ
of the Indian Mathematical Society, vii ( 1943) , 76-88.
45.
"Soviet Victory and the World Revolution", Indo-Soviet
lournal, ii (7 November 1943), 6, (Shows that the theory of world
revolution had not been abandoned by the USSR, as of that date. )
46.
"The Estimation of Map Distance from Recombination
Values", Annalsof Eugenics, xii, pt. III ( 1944) , 172- 75.
47.
"George David Birkhoff : 1884-1944" (
Obituary) , The Mathematics Student, xii ( 1944 }, 116-20.
48.
"Direct Derivation of Series, Spectra", Current
Science, xiii (March 1944), 71.
49.
"The Geometric Method in Mathematical
Statistics", American Mathematical Monthly li (1944). 382-89.
50.
"The Change in the Soviet Constitution", Indo-Sovjet
Journal, ii, no.9 (1944).
51.
"Caste and Oass in India", Science and
Society, viii ( 1944) , 243-49. (Comment on an article by P. Rosas on
the subject.) .
52.
"Soviet Science: What Can It Teach Us?", Indo-Soviet
Journal, 11-13 (22 June 1944).
53.
"Parallelism in the Tensor Analysis of Partial
Differential Equations", Bulletin of the American Mathematical
Society, ti ( 1945) , 293-96.
54.
"The Raman Effect" (Anonymous, as by an
"Indian Scientist") , People's Age (22 July 1945) .
55.
"Some Extant Versions of Bharatihari's
Satakas", Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic
Society, xxi (1945),17-32.
56.
"The Law of Large Numbers", The
Mathematics Student, xiv (1946), 14-19.
57.
"The Parvasamgraha of the Mahabharata",
Journal of the American Oriental Society', lxvi, no.2 (Baltimore, 1946)
, 110-17; followed by the counts of E. D. Kulkarni, Ibid. 118-44. (First
complete discussion of the problem and of V. S. Sukthankar's concept of a
"fluid text".)
58.
"On the Authorship of the Satakatrayi",
Journal of Oriental Research, xv (Madras, 1946) , 64- 77.
59. "Sur la Differentiation Covariante", Comptes
Rendu.v, ccxxii (Paris, 1946), 211-13.
60.
"Silver Punch-marked Coins with special
reference to the East Khandesh Hoard", Journal of the Numismatic
Society of India, viii ( 1946) , 63-66.
61.
"Early Stages of the Caste System in Northern
India", Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, New
Series, xxii ( 1946) , 33-48.
62.
"The Village Community in the 'Old Conquests' of
Goa", Journal of the University of Bombay, xv, no.4
(1947),63-78
63.
" An Extension of the Last-squares Method of
Statistical Estimation", Annals of Eugenics, xiii (1947),
257-61.
64.
"Some Applications of the Functional
Calculus", Presidential Address to the Mathematics Section of the
Indian Science Congress (Delhi, 1947). (Completely ruined in printing; no
proof shown to the author.)
65. "Les Invariants Differentiels d'un Tenseur
Covariant a deux Indices", Comptes Rendus, ccxxv (Paris, 1947)
, 790-92.
66.
"Early Brahmins and Brahminism", Journal
of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, xxiii (1947), 39-46.
67.
"Systems of Partial Differential Equations of
the Second Order", Quarterly Journal of Mathematics, xix
(Oxford, 1948), 204-19.
68.
"Chronological Order of Punch-marked Coins- I: A
Re-examination of the Older Taxila Hoard", Journal of the Bombay
Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, xxiv.:xxv (1948-49), 33-47.
69.
"The Avatara Syncretism and Possible Sources of
the Bhagvad-Gita", Third. pp. 121-34.
70.
"Characteristic Properties of Series
Distributions", Proceedings of the National Institute of Science of
India, xv (1949), 109-13.
71.
"Lie Rings in Path-space", Proceedings of
the National Academy of Science, USA, xxxv (1949), 389-94.
72.
"Marxism and Ancient Indian Culture"
(Asverse review of S. A. Dange's India from Primitive Communism to
Slavery), Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, xxix
(Poona, 1949), 271-77.
73.
"Differential Invariants of a Two-index
Tensor", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, Iv,no.
2 (1949), 90-94.
74.
"On the Origin of Brahmin Gotras", Journal
of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, xxvi ( 1950) ,
21-80.
75.
"Series Expansions of Continuous Groups", Quarterly
Journal of Mathematics, ii, no.2 (Oxford, 1951), 244-57.
76.
"Chronological Order of Punch-marked Coins-lI:
The Bodenayakanur Hoard", Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal
Asiatic Society, xxvi (1951), 214-18.
77.
"Urvasi and Puniravas", Journal of the
Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, xxvii ( 1951) , 1-30.
Reprinted in Indian Studies: Past & Present, i, no.1
(Calcutta, 1959), 141-75, and in Myth and Reality.
78.
"On a Marxist Approach to Indian Chronology",
Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, xxxi (Poona,
1951), 258-66.
79.
"Seasonal Variations in the Indian
Birth-rate" (in collaboration with S. Raghavachari) A nnals of
Eugenics, xvi (1951), 165-92.
80.
"Imperialism and Peace", Monthly Review,
iii (1951), 45-49.
81.
"Parvasamgraha figures for the Bhisma
Parvan" (in collaboration with E. D. Kulkarni), Journal of the
American Oriental Society, Ixxi (Baltimore, 1951) , 21-25.
82.
"Path-spaces Admitting Collineations", Quaterly
Journal of Mathematics, ii, no.3 (Oxford, 1952), 1-11.
83.
"The Sanskrit Equivalents of Two Pali
Words",Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Jnst:tute, xxxii
(Poona, 1952), 53-60 (Gives the correct derivation of sammapaso and vassakara.)
84.
"Path-Geometry and Continuous Groups", Quarterly
Journal of Mathematics, ii, no.3 (Oxford, 1952), 307-20.
85.
"Ancient Kosala and Magadha", Journal of
the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, xxvii (1952), 180-213.
86.
"Science and Freedom", Monthly Review ,
iv ( 1952) , 200-05.
87.
"Geldner's Rgveda", Journal of Oriental
Research (Madras, 1952) , pp. 291-95 (Essay review with special
attention to words like ibhya) .
88.
"Chronological Order of Punch-marked Coins- III:
The Paila Hoard", Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic
Society, xxvii (1952), 261-71,
89.
"Brahmin Clans", Journal of the American
Oriental Society. Ixxiii (Baltimore, 1953), 202-8. (Review and critique
of J. Brough's book, The Early Brahmanical System of Gotra ancl Pravara.
Cambridge, 1953. Mistaken for a polemic.)
90.
"Seasonal Variations in the Indian Death-
rate" (in collaboration with S. Raghavachari), Annals of Human
Genetics. xix (1954), 100-19.
91.
"The Periodization of Indian History", ISCUS,
i ( 1954) , 40-55. (Arbitrarily changed by the editors, without
consulting the author.)
92.
"Notes on the Class Structure of India", Monthly
Review, vi ( 1954) , 205-13. Reprinted in Exasperating Essays.
93.
"The Metric in Path-space", Tensor, New
Series, iii (1954), 67-74.
94.
"What Constitutes Indian History ?", Annals
of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, xxxv (Poona., 1955),
194-201. (Essay review of the first three volumes of the Bhartiya Vidya.
Bhavan's The History and Culture of the Indian People.)
95.
"The Basis of Ancient Indian History-I", Journal
of the American Oriental Society, lxxv, no.1 (Baltimore, 1955),35-45.
96.
"The Basis of Ancient lndian History-II",
Ibid. no.4 (1955),226-37.
97.
"The Working Class in the Amarakosa, Journal
of Oriental Research. xxiv (Madras, 1955), 57-69. (Shows the existence
of a hierarchical principle in the Amarakosa classification. )
98.
"On the Development of Feudalism in India",
Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, xxxvi,
pts. III-IV (Poona, 1956), 258-69. (Adverse critique of Soviet Professor K.
A. Antonova's theories.)
99.
"Origins of Feudalism in Kashmir", Journal
of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (The Sardhasatabdi
Commemoration Volume, 1804-1954, Bombay, 1956-57), pp. 108-20.
100.
"Dhenukakata", Journal of the Bombay
Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, xxx, pt. II (1957), 50-71.
(Identification of the ancient Greek colony in Maharashtra. Also, complete
text and translation of all known Brahmi inscriptions in Maval caves,
including one from Karle hitherto unpublished. The first photograph of the
Sphinx on a Karle pillar.)
101.
"The Basis of Despotism", Economic
Weekly (Bombay, 2 November 1957), pp. 1417-19. (Review of K. A.
Wittfogel's Oriental Despotism.)
102.
"Indo-Ariiskii Nosovoi Ukazatel", Sovetskaya
Etnografia (Ak. Nauk. USSR), no.1 (1958), 39-57. (Demonstrates the
unreliability of nasal-index data in theorizing about Indian racial groups.
)
103.
"Classical Tauberian Theorems", Journal
of the Indian Saciety of Agricultural Statistics, x, nos. 1-2 ( 1958) ,
141-49.
104.
"The Efficiency of Randomization by Card
Shuffling" (in collaboration with U.V.R. Rao), Journal of Royal
Statistics Society, cxxi, no.2 (1958), 223-33. (Analysis of statistical
defects underlying para-psychological experiments.)
105.
"The Text of the Arthashstra", Journal
of the American Oriental Society, Ixxviii, no.3 (Baltimore, 1958),
169-73. (Shows that about a quarter of the original work is lost, but more
or less uniformly over the whole text.)
106.
"The Method of Least Squares", Journal
of the lndian Society of Agricultural Statistics, xi, nos. 1-2 (1959),
49-57.
107.
"Notes on the Kandahar Edict of Asoka", Journal
of the Economic and Social HiStory of the Orient, ii (Leiden, 1959),
204-06.
108.
"China's Communes", Monthly Review, x
( 1959) , 425-29. 109.
109.
"Primitive Communism", New Age (Monthly),
viii, no.2 (February 1959), 26-39. (First treatment of
"Communism" in primitive society, without idealisation of
ethnographic data. )
110.
"Indian Feudal Trade Charters", Journal
of the Economic and Soda! History of the Orient, ii, pt. III (Leiden,
1959), 281-93. (Special treatment of the Visnusena Charter of A.D. 592,
correcting D. C. Sircar's gruesome mistakes.)
111.
"An Application of Stochastic Convergence",
Journal of the Indian Society of Agricultural Statistics, xi ( 1959)
, 58-72.
112.
"At the Cross-roads: Mother Goddess Cult Sites
in Ancient India", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (London,
1960),17-31; 135-44.
113.
"Social and Economic Aspects of the Bhagvad-Gita",
Journalof the Economic and Social History of the Orient, iv, pt. II
(Leiden, 1961), 198-224. (Revision of an anticle originally published in Enquiry,
ii (1959), 1-20. Reprinted in Myth and Reality.)
114.
"Kaniska and the Saka Era", Marg (April
1962); also Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, xxxv
(1962), 36-37, (Identifies Kaniska I with Soter Megas and Kaniska II with
the king of the coins. )
115.
"Pierced Microliths from the Western Deccan
Plateau", MAN (January 1962), nQte 4, pp. 10-12. (Apparently
the first announcement of such microliths.)
116.
"Megaliths in the Poona District", MAN (May
1962), note 108, pp. 65-67+plate.
117.
"The Sampling Distribution of Primes", Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), xlix (1963), 20-23.
118.
"Combined Methods in Indology", Indo-
Iranian Journal, vi (1963), 177-202. (By special invitation of the
editors; shows that philology, history, archaeology and anthropology have
to be combined to get valid results in any one of these fields, which
treated in isolation, leads to wrong conclusions otherwise.)
119.
"Prehistoric Rock Engravings near Poona", MAN
(1963), note 60, pp. 57-58.
120.
"Staple Grains' in the Western Deccan", MAN
(1963), note 156, pp. 30-31.
121.
"The Beginning of the Iron Age in India", Jurnal
of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. vi, pt. III (Leiden,
1963), 309-18 (Places this irtlportant change at about 800-700 B.C.. much
earlier than D. H. Gordon and Mortimer Wheeler would have it.)
122.
"The Autochthonous Element in the Mahabharata'
Journal of the American Oriental Society. lx.xxiv (Balti- more, 1964),
31-44.
123.
"The Historical Krishna", Times of India
Annual (1965), pp. 27-36.
124.
"Numismatics as a Science", Scientific
American (February 1966), pp. 102-11.
125.
"Living Prehistory in India", Ibid.
(February 1967). Re-. printed in The American Review ( October 1967)
.
126.
"Adventure into the Unknown", Current
Trends in Indian Philosophy. ed. K. S. Murty and K. R. Rao (Asia
Publishing House, Bombay, 1972), pp. 152-67. (A note on the writer's
personal philosophy as a scientist and research worker. )
127.
"Prime Numbers",
Monograph completed a few days before the author's death.
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