research3

Page 3 - Recommended Readings and List of Papers used in my Research Project

The following documents are listed as mentioned in my thesis

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Chapter 1 - Introduction
1. Desmond K., The Harwin Chronology of Inventions, Innovations, Discoveries, Constable, London, 1986.
2. Strasser S., “Never Done”, Panetheon Books, New York, 1982.
3. Ward D., Whirlpool internal report project definition and Monthly report, March 1997.
4. Van den Brekel L. D. M., Hydrodynamic and Mass Transfer in Domestic Drum-type Fabric Washing Machines, PhD thesis, pp. 145-154, Delft University of Technology, NL, 1987.
5. Cutler W. G. and Davis R. C., Detergency Theory and Test Methods part 1:a). pp.98-100, Marcel Decker, N. York, 1972.
6. Ward D., Whirlpool internal monthly report, Washing R & D group, Oct. 1997.
7. Evaluating Domestic Washing Machine Performance, IEC standard 60456, third edition, 1998.
8. EMPA report, Evaluation of Detergents and Washing Process with Artificially Soiled Fabrics, CH, 1999.
9. Ward D., Modelling of a Horizontal-Axis Domestic Washing Machine, J. Text. Inst., Vol. 91, Part 1, No. 2, 2000.
10. Ward D., High Speed Filming of Clothes and Fabric Plug Motion, Whirlpool Internal Report, Sept. 1999.
11. Schmidt H., Washebewegung in Trommelwashmachinen, Washereitechnik unde chemie, vols.10, pp. 500-504 (1957), 11, pp. 224-232 (1958) and 12, pp. 549-554 (1959).
12. Ward D. et al, Microelectronic Sensor for the Measurement of Shear Stress within a Domestic Washing Machine Drum, IMAPs99, Milan, July 1999.
13. Ward D., Evaluation of Soil removal, Whirlpool internal report, Aug. 1999.
14. Ward D., Boundary Layer Theory, Shear Stress Measurement and the Washing machine-Tunnel investigation, pp. 80-119, ch.4, issue 2, Whirlpool Internal Report, Dec. 1999.
15. Bocchiola D., Una Metodologia per la Misura Puntuale dell’Attritto di Parete in Correnti Cilindriche ("A Method for Measuring Local Skin Friction in Cylindrical flows"), Engineering degree thesis, No. 611090, Politecnico di Milano, Italy, 1998.
16. Viterbo M, Sonde di Strato Limite per la misura dello Sforzo d’attritto – Studio Sperimentale ed Analisi Teorica ("Boundary Layer probes used for the measurement of wall shear stress and skin friction – Experimental investigation and Theoretical analysis"), Engineering degree thesis No. 599289, Politecnico di Milano, Italy, 1999.

Chapter 2 - Research Overview
1. Ward D., Project Charter and Definition, Whirlpool internal report, Monthly report, March, 1997.
2. Goldstein R. J., Fluid Mechanics Measurements, pp. 575-648, 2nd Edition, Taylor and Francis, 1998.
3. Owen F. K. and Bellhouse B. J., Skin Friction Measurements at Supersonic Speeds, AIAA J., vol. 8, pp. 1358-1360, 1970.
4. Bardelli et al., Ultrasonic Measurement of Shear Stress in Blood Streams, Ospedale di Cattinara, Trieste, Italy, 1998.
5. Bocchiola D., Una Metodologia per la Misura Puntuale dell’Attritto di Parete in Correnti Cilindriche ("A Method for Measuring Local Skin Friction in Cylindrical flows"), Engineering degree thesis, No. 611090, Politecnico di Milano, Italy, 1998.
6. Dexter P., Evaluation of a Skin-friction Vector Measuring Instrument for use in 3-D Turbulent Incompressible Flow, Project Report, University of Southampton, Dept. of Astronautics and Aeronautics, UK, 1974.
7. Ward et al., Numerical Simulation of a Rectangular-section Water Duct equipped with Small Block Shear Stress Probes. CAPI’99, University of Milan, Nov., 1999.
8. Preston J. H., The Determination of Turbulent Skin Friction by Means of Pitot Tubes, J. R. Aeronaut. Soc., vol. 58, pp. 109-121, 1953.
9. Viterbo M, Sonde di Strato Limite per la misura dello Sforzo d’attritto – Studio Sperimentale ed Analisi Teorica ("Boundary Layer probes used for the measurement of wall shear stress and skin friction – Experimental investigation and Theoretical analysis"), Engineering degree thesis, No. 599289, Politecnico di Milano, Italy, 1999.
10. Ward et al., Conditioning Effects of Hydrodynamic Shear Stress on Soil Removal, Whirlpool Internal report Nov., 1999.
11. Ward D., High Speed Filming of Clothes and Fabric Plug Motion, Whirlpool Internal Report, Sept., 1999.
12. Ward D., Introductory Evaluation of Soil Removal Conditions, Whirlpool Internal report, Aug., 1999.
13. Ward D. and Maritan M., Weave Model Construction using Stereolithography ....an example of Rapid-Prototyping and the advance use of Pro-E and Fluent, Whirlpool Internal Seminar, March, 1998.
14. Ward et al., Microelectronic Sensor for the Measurement of Shear Stress within a Domestic Washing Machine Drum, IMAPS’99, Milan, Italy, July 1999.
15. Ward et al., Remote Measurement and Monitoring of Critical Washing Process Data directly inside the Washing machine drum, IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, USA, May, 2000.

Chapter 3 - Development of Prototypes
1. EMPA report, Evaluation of Detergents and Washing Process with Artificially Soiled Fabrics, St. Gallen, Ch, 1999.
2. Preston J. H., The Determination of Turbulent Skin Friction by Means of Pitot Tubes, J. R. Aeronaut. Soc., vol. 58, pp.109–121, 1953.
3. Horton R. E., Weir Experiments, Coefficients and Formulae, Water–supply and Irrigation Paper No. 200, pp.46–47, United States Geographical Survey, Dept. of the Interior, 1907.
4. Nikarduse J., Strömungsgesetze in rauhen Rohen, Forsch. Arb. Ing.–Wes., no. 361, 1933.
5. Rechenberg I., The Measurement of Turbulent Wall Shear Stress, A. R. A. Translation No.11, Bedford, England, 1963.
6. Goldstein R. J., Fluids Mechanics Measurements, 2nd Ed. Taylor and Francis, 1996.
7. White F. W., Viscous Fluid Flow, pp.426–429, Mc Graw–Hill, 1991.
8. Dexter P., Evaluation of a Skin–friction Vector Measuring Instrument for use in 3–D Turbulent Incompressible Flow, Project Report, University of Southampton, Dept. of Astronautics and Aeronautics, UK, 1974.
9. Gaudet et al., Calibration and Use of a Triangular Yawmeter for Surface Shear Stress and Flow Direction Measurement, Proc. 2nd Intern. Conf. On Experimental Fluid Mechanics, Torino, 1994.
10. Ward D. et al., Numerical Simulation of a Rectangular–section Water Duct equipped with Small Block Shear Stress Probes. CAPI’99, University of Milan, Nov. 1999.
11. Ward D., Stereolithography, Whirlpool Internal Report, 1999.
12. Griffith M. and Lamancusa J. S., Rapid prototyping Technologies, 1998, Amazon book reference
13. Hilton P., Making the Leap to Rapid Tool Making, Mechanical Engineer Journal, July, 1995.
14. Chee Kai Chua, Leong Kah Fai, Chua Chee Kai, Kah Fai Leong, Rapid Prototyping: Principles & Applications in Manufacturing, Wiley & Sons, 1998.
15. Ashley S., From CAD Art to Rapid Metal Tools, Mechanical Engineering Journal, March 1997.
16. Jian Dong, Rapid Response Manufacturing – Contemporary methodologies, tools and technologies, Chapman & Hall, 1997.
17. Hartwig G., Rapid 3D Modelers, DE, March, 1997.
18. Ashley S., Rapid Prototyping is Coming of Age, Mechanical Engineering Journal, July 1995.
19. Medical applications, 3D System Corporation, http://www.3dsystems.com
20. Helisys Inc., http://www.helisys.com
21. Selective Laser Sintering, Accelerated Technologies Inc., http://www.acceltechinc.com
22. Fused Deposition Modelling, Stratasys Inc., http://www.stratasys.com
23. SOLIGEN Technologies, Direct Shell Production Casting, http://www.soligen.com
24. Sanders Prototype Inc., http://www.sanders–prototype.com.
25. MIT 3D printing, MIT Engineering library, http://libraries.mit.edu/barker/
26. Cotton Report, Institut für Textiltechnick der RWTH, Aachen, 1989.
27. Ward D., Literature review – First Interim Report, Whirlpool internal report, 1997.
28. Ward D., Weave model tests, Whirlpool Internal Report, 1999.
29. Ward D., SEM investigation, Whirlpool Internal Report, 1999.
30. Ward D., Modelling of a Horizontal–Axis Domestic Washing Machine, Journal of the Textile Institute, Vol. 91, Part 1, No. 2, 2000.
31. Ward D., Introductory Evaluation of Soil Removal Conditions, Whirlpool Internal report, Aug., 1999.
32. Sphere Patent, European Patent application, Sept., 2000.
33. Table Curve 2D manual, Jandel Software, California, USA, 1997.
34. Viterbo M, Sonde di Strato Limite per la misura dello Sforzo d’attritto – Studio Sperimentale ed Analisi Teorica ("Boundary Layer probes used for the measurement of wall shear stress and skin friction – Experimental investigation and Theoretical analysis"), Engineering degree thesis No. 599289, Politecnico di Milano, Italy, 1999.
35. Druck Group Holdings PLC, http://www.druck.com.
36. National Instruments Inc., http://www.ni.com.
37. Henderson F.M., Open Channel Flow, ch.6, Macmillan Co.
38. Schoder E. W. and Turner K. B., Precise Weir Measurements, Trans. Am. Soc. Civil Engineers, p.1143, vol. 93, 1929.
39. Munson, Young, Okishi, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, pp. 479–483, Wiley, 3rd edition, 1996.
40. Pezzotta E., Progetto e Realizzazione di un Sistema di Misure delle Condizioni Fluidodinamiche in una Lavatrice Domestica ("The Design and Development of a Measurement System for the Monitoring of HydrodynamicConditions in a Domestic Washing Machine"), Engineering degree thesis, No. 855766, Politecnico di Milano, 1999.
41. Bocchiola D., Una Metodologia per la Misura Puntuale dell’Attritto di Parete in Correnti Cilindriche ("A Method for Measuring Local Skin Friction in Cylindrical flows"), Engineering degree thesis, No. 611090, Politecnico di Milano, Italy, 1998.
42. Ward D., Boundary Layer Theory, Shear Stress Measurement and the Washing machine-Tunnel investigation, Whirlpool Internal Report, issue 2, Dec. 1999.

Chapter 4 - Literature Reviews
No refs

Chapter 5a - The Measurement and Determination of Shear Stress Magnitude
1. Bocchiola D., Menduni G., Viterbo M., Ward D., Measuring Skin Friction with Pressure Probes (An Overview and Proposal), ACQUA – Italian Journal of Hydraulics, June 2000.
2. Ward D., Introductory Evaluation of Soil Removal Conditions, Whirlpool Internal report, Aug. 1999.
3. Ward D., Boundary Layer Theory, Shear Stress Measurement and the Washing Machine-Tunnel Investigation (2nd B.L. report), Whirlpool Internal Report, Dec. 1999.
4. Viterbo M, Sonde di Strato Limite per la misura dello Sforzo d’attritto – Studio Sperimentale ed Analisi Teorica ("Boundary Layer probes used for the measurement of wall shear stress and skin friction – Experimental investigation and Theoretical analysis"), Engineering degree thesis No. 599289, Politecnico di Milano, 1999.
5. Goldstein R. J., Fluids Mechanics Measurements, 2nd Ed. Taylor and Francis, 1996.
6. Westpahl R. V. et al., Improved Skin-Friction Interferometer, NASA TM 88216, 1986.
7. Welch N. E. and Hines R.H., The Practical Application of the LASER Anemometer for Fluid Flow Measurements, presented at the ISA Electro-Optical Systems Conf., New York, N.Y. Sept. 1969.
8. Hale R. W. et al., Development of an Integrated System for Flow Visualisation in Air Using Neutrally Buoyant Bubbles, Sage Action, In., Report SAI-RR7107, Dec., 1971.
9. Tanner L. H., The Application of Fizeau Interferometry of Oil Films to Study of Surface Flow Phenomena, Opt. Laser Eng., vol. 2, pp. 105-118, 1981.
10. Kestin J. and Persen L. N., The Transfer of Heat across a Turbulent Boundary Layer at Very High Prandtl Numbers, Intern. J. Heat Mass Transfer, vol. 5, pp.355-371, 1962.
11. Beversdoff H. W., Gyr A., Hoyer K., Sobolik V., Simultaneous Wall Shear Rate Measurements by a Three Segmented Electro-diffusion Probe and Laser-Doppler -Anemometry, Experiments in Fluids, 22, 4, pp.,281-285, 1997.
12. Welsh B.L. e Ashill P.R., Pressure Measurement Techniques in use at the Royal Aerospace Establishment, Measuremnt Techniques in Aerodynamics, Von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, 1989.
13. Kälveston E., Pressure and Wall Shear Stress Sensors for Turbulence Measurements, PhD Thesis, KTH, Sweden, 1996.
14. Winter K. G., An Outline of the Techniques Available for the Measurement of Skin Friction, Progr. Aerospace Sci., vol. 18, pp.1-57, 1977.
15. Jovic S. and Driver D., Reynolds Number Effect on the Skin Friction in Separated Flows behind a Backward-Facing step, Experiments in Fluids, 6, pp.464-467, 1994.
16. Head M. R. and Rechenberg I., The Preston Tube as a Means of Measuring Skin Friction, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 14, pp.1-17, 1962.
17. Head M. R. and Ram V. V., Simplified Presentation of Preston Tube Calibration, Aeronaut. Q., vol. 22, pp.295-300, 1971.
18. Preston J. H., The Determination of Turbulent Skin Friction by Means of Pitot Tubes, J. R. Aeronaut. Soc., vol. 58, pp.109-121, 1953.
19. Young A. D. and Mass J. N., The Behaviour of a Pitot Tube in a Transverse Total-Pressure Gradient, Aeronaut. Res. Council, London, R & M 1770, 1936.
20. White F. W., Viscous Fluid Flow, pp.426-429, Mc Graw-Hill, 1991.
21. Patel V. C., Calibration of the Preston Tube and Limitation on Its Use in Pressure gradients, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 23, pp.185-208, 1965.
22. Holmes W. E. and Luxton R. E., Measurement of Turbulent Skin Friction by a Preston Tube in the presence of Heat Transfer, J. Mech. Eng. Sci. vol. 9, pp.159-166, 1967.
23. Head M. R. and Ram V. V., Simplified Presentation of Preston Tube Calibration, Aeronaut. Q., vol. 22, pp.295-300, 1971.
24. Bertelrud A., Total Head / Static Measurements of Skin Friction and Surface Pressure,AIIA Journal, 15, 3, pp.436-438, 1977.
25. Knight D. W. and Patel H. P., Boundary Shear in Smooth Rectangular Ducts,Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 111, 1, pp.29-47, 1985.
26. Dexter P., Evaluation of a Skin-friction Vector Measuring Instrument for use in 3-D Turbulent Incompressible Flow, University of Southampton, Dept. of Astronautics and Aeronautics, UK, 1974.
27. Gaudet L. et al., Calibration and Use of a Triangular Yawmeter for Surface Shear Stress and Flow Direction Measurement, Proc. 2nd Intern. Conf. On Experimental Fluid Mechanics, Torino, 1994.
28. Cassani C., Stellato M., Indagine dello sforzo tangenziale su un cilindro in incidenza, tesi di Laurea, Politecnico di Milano, p.220, 1990.
29. Kutateladze S. S. et al., Turbulent Shear Flows I, pp. 91-103, Springer-Velag, Berlin, 1979.
30. Huser A. and Biringen S., Direct Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Flow in a Square Duct, Journal of Fluid Mechanichs, 257, pp.65-95, 1993.
31. Sherman F. S., Viscous Flow, Mc-Graw-Hill, 1990.
32. Bocchiola D., Una Metodologia per la Misura Puntuale dell’Attritto di Parete in Correnti Cilindriche ("A Method for Measuring Local Skin Friction in Cylindrical flows"), Engineering degree thesis, No. 611090, Politecnico di Milano, Italy, 1999.
33. Viterbo M, Sonde di Strato Limite per la misura dello Sforzo d’attritto – Studio Sperimentale ed Analisi Teorica ("Boundary Layer probes used for the measurement of wall shear stress and skin friction – Experimental investigation and Theoretical analysis"), Engineering degree thesis, No. 599289, Politecnico di Milano, Italy, 1999.
34. Clauser F. H., Turbulent Boundary Layers in Adverse Pressure Gradients, J. Aeronaut. Sci., vol. 21, pp.91-108, 1954.
35. Vardy A., Fluid Principles, pp. 96-101, McGraw-Hill, 1990.
36. Knight D. W. and Rhodes D. G., Distribution of Shear Force on the Boundary of a Smooth Rectangular Duct, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 120, 7, pp.787-807, 1994.

Further Readings

East L. F., Measurement of skin friction at low subsonic speed by the razor blade technique, Royal Technical Aircraft Establishment; R & M 3525, 1966.
Rechenberg I., The Measurement of Turbulent Wall Shear Stress, Aircraft Research Association Library Translation , 11, Jan. 1965.
Valt Jd; Fernholz H., Use of Surface Fences to Measure Wall Shear Stress in the Three-Dimensional Boundary Layers, Aeronautical Quarterly,14, pp.87-91, 1973.
Bertelrud A., Total Head / Static Measurements of Skin Friction and Surface Pressure, AIIA Journal, 15, 3, pp.436-438, 1977.
Nigim H. H. and Cockrell D. J., Effects Caused by small discrete two-dimensional roughness element immersed in turbulent boundary layers, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 153, pp.17-30, 1985.
Hirt F.and Thomann H., Measurement of Wall Shear Stress in Turbulent Boundary Layers Subject to strong Pressure Gradients, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 171, pp.547-562, 1986.
Durst F., Jovanovic J. and Sender J., LDA Measurements in the Near Wall Region of a Turbulent Pipe, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 295, pp. 305-335, 1985.
Chapman D. R. and Kuhn G. D., The Limiting Behaviour of Turbulence Near a Wall, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 170, pp.265-292, 1986.
Jang P. S., Benney D. J., and Gran R. L., On the Origin of Streamwise Vortices in a Turbulent Boundary Layer,Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 169, pp.109-123, 1986.
Holden H., Shear stresses and discharge in compound channels, PhD thesis, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 1986.
Debendra K. Das, A Simple Theory for Calculating Turbulent Boundary Layers Under Arbitrary Pressure Gradients, Journal Eng Fluid Mechanics, 1, pp.83-99, 1988.
Aihara Y., Formation of Longitudinal Vortices in the Sublayer Due to Boundary-Layer Turbulence, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 214, pp.111-129, 1990.
Degani T., Smith F. T. and Walker J. D. A., Three-Dimensional Turbulent Boundary Layer Near a Plane of Symmetry, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 234, pp.329-360, 1992.
Morrison J. F., Subramanian C. S. and Bradshaw P., Bursts and the Law of the Wall in turbulent Boundary Layers,Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 241, pp.75-108, 1992.
Alonso C. V., Generalised Inner Region Velocity Distribution Equation, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 10, pp.1230-1232, 1993.
Degani T., Smith F. T. and Walker J. D. A., The Structure of a Three-Dimensional Turbulent Boundary Layer, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 250, pp.43-68, 1993.
Eggels J. G. M. et al, Fully Developed Turbulent Pipe Flow: a Comparison Between Direct Numerical Simulation and Experiment, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 268, pp.175-209, 1994.
Seyed G. Sadduoghi and Srinivas V.Veerravalli, Local Isotropy in Turbulent Boundary Layer at High Reynolds Number, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 268, pp.333-372, 1994.
K.S. Breuer, Stochastic Calibration of Sensors in Turbulent Flow Fields, Experiments in Fluids, 2, pp.138-141, 1995.
Lofdahl L., Truong T. V., Bruns J. M., Measurements of Turbulent Quantities in a Complex Three-Dimensional Boundary Layer Flow, Experiments in Fluids, 18, 3, pp.335-342, 1995.
Finley P. J. and Gaudet L., The Preston Tube in Adiabatic Compressible flow, Experiments in Fluids, 19, 2, pp.133-135, 1995.
Tokumaru P. T. and Dimotakis P. E., Image Correlation Velocimetry, Experiments in Fluids, 19, Jan. 1995.
Fontaine A. and Deutsch S., Three-Component, Time-Resolved Velocity Statistics in the Wall Region of a Turbulent Pipe Flow, Experiments in Fluids, 18, 3, pp.168-173, 1995.
Frazier, AA. B., Warrington R.O. and Friedrich C., The Miniaturisation Technologies: Past, Present and Future, vol. 42, No.5, pp.423-430, IEEE Transactions, 1995.
Mollinger M. and Nieuwstadt F. T. M., Measurement of the Lift Force on A Particle Fixed to the Wall of a fully Developed Turbulent Boundary Layer, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 316,285-306, 1996.
Rhodes D. G., Velocity Distribution in Compound Channel Flows by Numerical Modelling, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2, pp.116-117, 1996.
Westerweel J., Draad J. D., Van der Hoeven G. T., van Oord J., Measurement of Fully Developed Turbulent Pipe Flow with Digital Particle Image Velocimetry, Experiments in Fluids, 20, 3, pp.165-177, 1996.
Chiang C. and Eaton J. K., An Experimental Study of the Effects of Three-Dimensionality on the Near Wall Turbulence Structure Using Flow Visualization , Experiments in Fluids, 20, 4, pp.266-273, 1996.
Durst F., Kikura H., Lekakis I., Jovanovic J, Wall Shear Stress Determination from Near Wall Mean Velocity Data in Turbulent Pipe Channel Flows, Experiments in Fluids, 20, 6, pp.417-428, 1996.
Ferdhous Ahmed and Nallamutu Rajaratnam, Three-Dimensional Turbulent Boundary Layers: a Review.,Journal of Hydraulic Research, 35, 1, pp.81-99, 1997.
Fuh Min Fang, Hsieh W. D., Jong S. W., She J. J., Unsteady Turbulent Flow Past Solid Fence, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 6, pp.560-565, 1997.
Flack K. A., Near-Wall Structure of Three-Dimensional Turbulent Boundary Layers, Experiments in Fluids, 23, 4, pp.335-340, 1997.
Fincham M. and Spedding G. R., Low Cost, High Resolution DPIV for Measurement of Turbulent Fluid Flow, Experiments in Fluids, 23, 6, pp.449-462, 1997.
Zang, Btao J. and Katz J., Turbulent Flow Measurement in a Square Duct with Hybrid Holographic PIV, Experiments in Fluids, 23, 5, pp.373-381, 1997.
De Ponte S., Gasparini L., Gilbertini, Codazzi L., New concepts concerning a 4 hole wall stress probe, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Aerospaziale, Politecnico di Milano, 1999.

Books

Schlichting H., Boundary Layer Theory, fourth edition, McGraw-Hill, 1960.
Citrini-Noseda, Idraulica, Casa editrice Ambrosiana, 1982.
Fox R. and McDonald A., Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, J. Wiley and Sons, 1994.
Gerhart P.,Gross R., Foundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, Addison Wesley, 1985.
Doebelin E., Measurement systems, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1990.
Brodkey R.S., The Phenomena of Fluid Motions, Dover, 1995.

Chapter 5b- The Measurement and Determination of Shear Stress Direction
1. Patel V. C., Calibration of the Preston Tube and Limitations of its Use in Pressure Gradients, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, pp.185-208, vol. 23, 1965.
2. Gaudet L., Savory E. and Toy N., Calibration and use of a Triangular Yawmeter for Surface Shear Stress and Flow Measurement, pp. 433-441, Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Experimental Fluid Mechanics, Turin, Italy, 1994.
3. Viterbo M, Sonde di Strato Limite per la misura dello Sforzo d’attritto – Studio Sperimentale ed Analisi Teorica ("Boundary Layer probes used for the measurement of wall shear stress and skin friction – Experimental investigation and Theoretical analysis"), Engineering degree thesis, No. 599289, Politecnico di Milano, Italy, 1999.
4. Rechenberg I., The Measurement of Turbulent Wall Shear Stress, A. R. A. Translation No.11, Bedford, England, 1963.
5. Van Dyke M, An Album of Fluid Motion, pp.92-94, Parabolic Press, Stanford, 1982.
6. Brodkey R. S., The Phenomena of Fluid Motions, Dover, 1995.

Chapter 5c - Conditioning Effects of Hydrodynamic Shear Stress on Soil Removal
1. IEC 60456 standard, third edition, 1998.
2. EMPA report, Evaluation of Detergents and Washing Process with Artificially Soiled Fabrics, 1999.
3. Ward D., Modelling of a Horizontal-Axis Domestic Washing Machine, J. Text. Inst., Vol. 91, Part 1, No.2, 2000.
4. Tucson J. and B. A. Short B. A., Mechanical Action in Washing – Closing Review of Project, pp.2–4, Whirlpool internal report, Aug., 1961.
5. Ward D., Boundary Layer report, Whirlpool internal report, ch. 9, pp.245-315, issue 2, Oct. 1999.
6. Schmidt H., W?schebewegung in Trommelwaschmachinen, W?schreitecnik und Chemie, ch.10, pp.500-504 (1957), ch.11, pp.224-232 (1958), ch.12, pp.549-554 (1959).
7. Introduction to Thermofluid Mechanics, block 3, unit 7, pp.60-75, The Open University, UK, 1992.
8. Bear J., Dynamics of Fluids in Porous Media, ch. 11, 668-671, Dover, 1972.
9. Ward D., Introductory Evaluation of Soil Removal Phenomena, Whirlpool internal report, April, 1999.
10. Rushton A. and Griffiths P., Fluid Flow in Monofilament Filter Media, Vol. 49, pp. 49-59, Transaction Institution Chemical Engineers, 1971.
11. Ward D., Roughness and Waviness measurements of EMPA soiled samples, Whirlpool Internal report, Italy, Nov. 1999.
12. Munson B. R. et al, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, ch. 9.2, pp. 562–590, Wiley, 3rd edition, 1996.
13. Schlichting H., Boundary Layer Theory, 7th Ed., McGraw–Hill, New York, 1979.
14. Brodkey R. S., The Phenomena of Fluid Motions, ch.9, pp. 127-128, Dover, 1995.
15. Ward D., Boundary Layer report, Whirlpool internal report, ch. 7, pp.167-200, issue 2, Oct. 1999.
16. Van den Brekel L. D. M., Hydrodynamic and Mass Transfer in Domestic Drum–type Fabric Washing Machines, PhD thesis, pp. 166–170, Delft University of Technology, NL, 1987.
17. Constantinescu V. N., Laminar Viscous Flow, ch.11, pp.367-403, Springer, Mech. Eng. Series, 1995.
18. White F. M., Viscous Fluid Flow, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1991.
19. Performance Benchmarking of the Daewoo DWF-6670 Washer, Whirlpool Int. Report, Schorndorf, 1995.
20. Munson B. R. et al, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, ch. 8.3.2, pp. 479–485, Wiley, 3rd edition, 1996.
21. Kovich M. B., Solid Contaminant Removal from a Hydrophylic Surface, M.Sc. thesis, pp.35-50, Notre Dame Univ. USA, 1998.
22. REA' Problem solvers, Transport Phenomena, ch.6, pp. 234-236, Research and Education Assoc., 1984.
23. Evans D. W. and Wennerstrom H., The Colloidal Domain: Where Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Technology Meet, VCH Publishing, New York, 1994.
24. Cutler W. G. and Davis R. C., Detergency Theory and Test Methods part 1: a). pp.236-268; b). pp.98-100, Marcel Decker, N. York, 1972.
25. Tucson J. and Short B. A., Mass Transfer and the Washing Process, vol. 30, pp.983–989, Textile Research Journal, 1960.
26. Reiner M., Deformation, Strain and Flow – An Elementary Introduction to Rheology, Lewis & Co., London 1969.
27. Hutton J. F., Walters, K., Barnes, H. A., An Introduction to Rheology H.A. Barnes, Elsevier, 1996.
28. Dairy Rheology – A Concise Guide, J.H. Prentice, 1993.

Further Bibliographic references

Shaw, D. J., Introduction to Colloid and Surface Chemistry, 2nd. Edition, Butterworth, 1970.
Bradshaw P., Experimental Fluid Mechanics, Pergamon Press, 1970.
Sedov L. I., Similarity and Dimensional Methods in Mechanics, MIR Publishers Moscow, 1982
Doebelin E. O., Measurement Systems – Application and Design, McGraw-Hill, 1986
Cotton Report, Institut für Textiltechnick der RWTH Aachen, 1989.
Cushman J. H., Dynamics of Fluids in Hierarchical Porous Media, Academic Press, 1990.
Johnston P. R., A Survey of Test Methods in Fluid Filtration, Gulf Publishing Company, 1995.
Adanur S., Wellington Sears Handbook of Industrial Textiles, Technomic Publishing Co., 1996.
Wei–Ming Lu, Kuo–Lun Tung and Kuo–Jen Hwang, Fluid Flow Through Basic Weaves of Monofilament Filter Cloth, Textile Research Journal Vol. 66, pp. 311–323, 1996.
Ward D., Literature review - First Interim Report, Whirlpool internal report, 1997.
Middleman S., An Introduction to Fluid Mechanics – Principles of Analysis and Design, J. Wiley and Sons, 1998.

Chapter 5d - The Measurement of External Wash Load Hydrodynamic Conditions
1. Van Den Brekel, L.D.M., Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer in Domestic Drum–type Fabric Washing Machines, PhD thesis, pp. 41–44, 145-154, 196–200, Delft University of Technology, 1987.
2. Ward D., Boundary Layer Theory, Shear Stress Measurement and The Washing Machine–Tunnel Investigation, Whirlpool internal report, ch.8, pp. 201-244, Dec., 1999.
3. Weinberger website, http://www.weinberger.ch
4. Rhodes D.G. and Knight D. W., Distribution of Shear Force on Boundary of Smooth Rectangular Ducts, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, pp.787-807, 1994.
5. Ward D., High Speed Filming report, Whirlpool Internal Report, Dec. 1999.
6. Kodak website, http://www.kodak.com, Roper Scientific website: http://www.masdkodak.com
7. Ward D., Modelling of a Horizontal–Axis Domestic Washing Machine, Journal of Textile Institute, Vol. 91, Part 1, No. 2, 2000.
8. Gettys W.E., Keller F.J. and Skove M.J., Physics, ch. 4, pp.53–62, McGraw–Hill, 1989.
9. Lawson N. J., Rudman M., Guerra A., Liow J.L., Experimental and Numerical Comparisons of the break-up of a Large Bubble, Vol.26, pp.524-534, 1999.
10. K.L. Ganguli and J. van Eendenburg, Mass Transfer in a laboratory washing machine, Textile Research Journal., pp.428–432, vol. 50, 1980.
11. J. Tuzson and B. A. Short, Mass Transfer and the Washing Process, Textile Res. J., pp.983-989, 1960.
12. Brodkey R.S., The Phenomena of Fluid Motions, ch. 17.1, pp. 539-618, Dover, 1995.

Chapter 5e - The Measurement of Internal Wash Load Hydrodynamic Conditions
1. Rushton A., Green D. J. and Khoo H. E., Flow of Fluids in Filter Cloths, Filtration and Separation, June 1968.
2. Van Den Brekel, L.D.M., Hydrodynamic and Mass Transfer in Domestic Drum–type Fabric Washing Machines, PhD thesis, pp. 41–44, pp.196–200, Delft University of Technology, 1987.
3. Ward D., Introductory Evaluation of Soil Removal Conditions, Internal Whirlpool Report, April 1999.
4. Ward D., Modelling of a Horizontal-Axis Domestic Washing Machine, J. Text. Inst., Vol. 91, Part 1, No. 2, 2000.
5. Ward D., Menduni G., Viterbo M., Lazzaroni M., “Microelectronic Sensor for the Measurement of Shear Stress within a Domestic Washing Machine Drum”, Giornate IMAPS–Italy 1999, Milano, 5–6 Luglio 1999, Politecnico di Milano – Campus Bovisa.
6. Adanur, S., Wellington Sears Handbook of Industrial Textiles, pp. 555–606, Technomic Publishing Co., USA, 1996.
7. Panilov, N., Design methods for household cylinder–type washing machines, Elektrotekhnika, vol.56, No.6, pp. 33–36, Moscow, Russia, 1985.
8. Electrolux Wascator washing machine operation and installation manual, model FOM71MP LAB, pp. 2 & 51, Electrolux, Sweden, 1999.
9. Washing Machine Performance Evaluation, International Standard IEC 60456, 1994.
10. Johnston P.R., A Survey in Test Methods in Fluid Filtration, ch.5, pp.36-52, Gulf Publishing Co., USA, 1995.
11. Course T236, Introduction to Thermofluid Mechanics, unit 7, pp.60–75, The Open University, UK, 1992.
12. Munson B.R., Young, D.F. and Okiishi T.H., Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, pp. 472–474, pp.681–683, 3rd edition, J. Wiley & Sons, 1998.
13. Ganguli K.L. and Van Eendenburg J., Mass Transfer in a laboratory washing machine, Textile Research Journal., pp.428–432, vol. 50, UK, 1980.

Other recommended References

Course T331, Engineering Mechanics: Solids and Fluids, block 3, part c, pp.102–111, The Open University, UK, 1992.
Bear J., Dynamics of Fluids in Porous Media, pp.668–677, Dover, 1988.
Irodov I. E., Fundamental Laws of Mechanics, ch. 3, pp.72–113, MIR Publishers Moscow, 1980.
Ward D., High Speed Filming of a Horizontal-Axis Washing Machine, Whirlpool internal report, Dec. 1999.
Cotton Report, Institut für Textiltechnick der RWTH Aachen, 1989.
Ward D., Literature review - First Interim Report, Whirlpool internal report, 1997.
Wei-Ming Lu, Kuo-Lun Tung and Kuo-Jen Hwang, Fluid Flow Through Basic Weaves of Monofilament Filter Cloth, pp. 311-323, vol. 66, Textile Research Journal, May 1996.
Backer S., The Relationship between the Structural Geometry of a Textile fabric and its Physical Properties, pp. 650-658, vol.18, Textile Research Journal.
Heertjes P. M., Studies in Filtration: Blocking Filtration, Vol. 6, pp. 190 to 203, Laboratory of Chemical Engineering of the Technical University of Delft, 1956.
Rushton A. and Griffiths P., Fluid Flow in Monofilament Filter Media, Vol. 49, pp. 49-59, Transaction Institution Chemical Engineers, 1971.
Robertson A. F., Air Porosity of Open-Weave Fabrics Part 1 : Metallic Meshes, pp.838-844, Textile Research Journal, Dec. 1950.
Robertson A.F., Air Porosity of Open-Weave Fabrics Part 2: Textile Fabrics. pp.844-854, Textile Research Journal, Dec, 1950.
Penner S. E. and Robertson A.F., Flow Through Fabric-Like Structures, pp. 775-788, Textile Research Journal, Nov. 1951.
Sedov L. I., Similarity and Dimensional Methods in Mechanics, MIR Publishers Moscow, 1982.
Douglas J. F., Gasiek J. M., Swafield J. A., Fluid Mechanics, Longman, 1995.
Torquato S. and Kim I. C., Cross-property relations for Momentum and Diffusional Transport in Porous Media, Journal Applied Physics, Vol.72 pages 2612-2619, 1992.
Dullien F. A. L., Porous Media: Fluid Transport and Pore Structure, Academic Press. 2nd Edition, 1992.
Scheidegger A. E., The Physics of Flow through Porous Media, University of Toronto Press, 3rd Edition, 1974.
Dullien, F.A.L., Lai, F.S.T., and Macdonald, I.F., “Hydraulic Continuity of Residual Wetting Phase in Porous Media”, J. Colloid Interface Science, 109, pages 201-218, 1986.
Adler P. M., “Porous Media: Geometry and Transport”, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1992.
Macdonald I. F. et al, Flow through Porous Media – Ergun Equation Revisited, Ing. Eng. Chem. Dund., vol. 18, pp.199-208, 1979.
Ergun S., Fluid Flow through Packed Column, Chem. Eng. Prog., vol. 48, pp.89-94, 1952.
Dybbs A. and Edwards R. V., A New Look at Porous Media Fluid Mechanics – Darcy to Turbulent, Martinus Nijhoff Publications, pp.199-254, 1984.
Constantinescu V. N., Laminar Viscous Flow, Springer, 1995.
Irodov I. E., Fundamental Laws of Mechanics, MIR Publishers Moscow, 1980.
Preobrazhensky V., Measurements and Instrumentation in Heat Engineering, Vols. 1 and 2, MIR Publishers Moscow, 1980.
Pezzotta E., Progetto e Realizzazione di un Sistema di Misure delle Condizioni Fluidodinamiche in una Lavatrice Domestica ("The Design and Development of a Measurement System for the Monitoring of HydrodynamicConditions in a Domestic Washing Machine"), Engineering degree thesis, No. 855766, Politecnico di Milano, 1999.

Chapter 6 - Research Steps and Additional Washing Machine Experimental Results
1. John D. Anderson, Computational Fluid Dynamics: The Basics with Applications, Mc Graw Hill, 1995.
2. Ward, D. Viterbo, M., Menduni, G and Bocchiola, D., Numerical Simulation of a Rectangular–section Water Duct equipped with Small Block Shear Stress Probes, Calcolo ad Alte Prestazioni in Italia, CAPI’99, Milan, Italy, Nov. 1999.
3. FLUENT manual, section 9.4, pp. 9.45–9.60, 1998.
4. Goldstein R.J., Fluids Mechanics Measurements, pp. 649–657, 2nd Ed. Taylor and Francis, 1996.
5. Bocchiola D., Una Metodologia per la Misura Puntuale dell’Attritto di Parete in Correnti Cilindriche ("A Method for Measuring Local Skin Friction in Cylindrical flows"), Tesi di Laurea, Mat. No. 611090, Politecnico di Milano, 1998.
6. Viterbo M, Sonde di Strato Limite per la misura dello Sforzo d’attritto – Studio Sperimentale ed Analisi Teorica ("Boundary Layer probes used for the measurement of wall shear stress and skin friction – Experimental investigation and Theoretical analysis"), Engineering degree thesis No. 599289, Politecnico di Milano, 1999.
7. Ward D., Boundary Layer Theory, Shear Stress Measurement and the Washing Machine–Tunnel Investigation, Whirlpool Internal report, Dec. 1999.
8. Optimet website: http:\\www.optimet.com.
9. EMPA report, Evaluation of Detergents and Washing Processes with Artificially Soiled Fabrics, CH, 1999 (website http:\\www.empa–sg.ch).
10. Washing Machine Performance Evaluation, International Standard IEC 60456, 1994.
11. Sigma Scan SW, Jandel, California, USA, http:\\www.spss.com.
12. Ward D., SEM investigation, Whirlpool Internal report, 1999.
13. Cutler W.G. and Davis R. C., Detergency Theory and Test Methods part 1, ch.3, pp.31-63, Dekker Inc., 1972.
14. Marples M. J., The Ecology of the Human Skin, ch. 1, Thomas, 1965.
15. Mattoni R.H. and Sullivan G. H., MRL TRD 62-68, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1962.
16. Yandell B. S., Practical Data Analysis for Designed Experiments, ch. 3, pp.35-43, Thompson, 1996.
17. Petruccelli J. D., Nandram B., Chen M., ch.12-13, pp.723-811, Applied Statistics, Prentice Hall, 1998.
18. Spagnolello A. and Riva M., Impiego di tecniche di image-analysis nel controllo di qualità degli alimenti: alcuni casi-studio, vol. 2, p.104, in: “Ricerche e Innovazioni nell’Industria Alimentare”, S.Porretta Ed., Chiriotti Editori, Pinerolo, 1996.
19. Van den Brekel L. D. M., Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer in Domestic Drum-type Fabric Washing Machines, PhD thesis, pp. 42-44, Delft University of Technology, 1987.
20. Blair G. W. S., Rheology, Academic Press, 1968.
21. Adanur S., Wellington Sears Handbook of Industrial Textiles, Technomic Publishing Co., 1996.
22. Fogiel M., REA's Problem Solvers - Transport Phenomena, pp. 265-267, 1993.
23. Williams J. A., Engineering Tribology, ch. 7, pp.232-300, Oxford Science Pub., 1993.
24. Cutler W. G. and Davis R. C., Detergency Theory and Test Methods part 1, ch.7, pp.248-250, Dekker Inc., 1972.
25. Sincich T., Statistics by Example, 5th Edition, ch. 13, pp.723-736, Macmillan Co., 1993.
26. Rouse H., Elementary Mechanics of Fluids, ch.7, pp.195-196, Dover, 1945.

Further Recommended Readings
Yong-Seung Chi and S. Kay Obendorf, Detergency of Used Motor Oil from Cotton and Polyester Fabrics, Journal of Surfactants and Detergents, vol. 2, No.1, pp.1-11, Jan. 1999.

Grindstaff, T. H., Patterson and Billica H. R., Studies of Soiling and Detergency, Part 3, Detergency Experiments with Particulate Carbon Soils, Ibid, 37: 564, 1967.

Webb, J. J. and Odendorf S. K., Detergency Study: Comparison of the Distribution of Natural Residual Soils after Laudering with a Variety of Detergent Products, Ibid,57-640, 1987.

Weglinski, S. A. and Obendorf S. K., Soil Distribution on Fabric after Laundering, Text., Chem. Color, 17(10): 196, 1985.

Rouse H., Elementary Mechanics of Fluids, Dover, 1945.

Chapter 7 - Round.up of Results, Findings and Next Steps
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Chapter 8 - Appendices
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