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Introduction
Somalia, country on the Horn of Africa.
It occupies an important geopolitical position between
sub-Saharan Africa and the countries of Arabia and
southwestern Asia. With an area of about 246,000 square
miles (637,000 square kilometers), it is bounded on the
north by the Gulf of Aden and on the east by the Indian
Ocean; from its southern point, its western border is
bounded by Kenya and Ethiopia and, to the northwest, by
Djibouti. The capital is Mogadishu (in Somali, Muqdisho
or Xamar; in the colonial Italian rendering, Mogadiscio).
Living in a country of geographic
extremes, with a dry and hot climate and a landscape of
thornbush savanna and semidesert, the inhabitants of Somalia
have developed equally demanding economic survival
strategies. The Somali are Muslim, and about half follow
a mobile way of life, pursuing nomadic pastoralism or
agropastoralism. As a result, the Somali are an egalitarian,
freedom-loving people who are suspicious of governmental
authority.
In colonial times the lands
traditionally occupied by the Somali were divided by a new
western boundary for Somalia, resulting in large Somali
communities in Djibouti, Ethiopia, and Kenya.
This boundary is
still in dispute. The Somali Peninsula consists mainly
of a tableland of young limestone and sandstone formations.
Apart from a mountainous coastal zone in the north and
several pronounced river valleys, most of the country is
extremely flat, with few natural barriers to restrict the
mobility of the nomads and their livestock.
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