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Election of 1912- Woodrow Wilson/TR/Eugene Debs/William Taft/Eugene Chafin; Dem/Progressive/ Socialist/Rep/Prohibition parites; Wilson won with a minority vote (popular); new nationalism vs. new freedom (Taft vs. Roosevelt); TR couldn't get Rep. nomination.

Relocation Camps during WWII- Japanese relocated inward- U.S. thought they might leak information to Japan; very harsh conditions in concentration camps; unnecessary in the end to move them; survivors eventually repaid $20,000 each in reparations.

Harper's Ferry- as opposed to Mukliteo Ferry; John Brown's idea was to invade and cause a slave uprising to establish a free black state (Oct. 1859); seven innocent bystanders were killed, the raid was captured; Brown convicted of murder and treason, hung; last words: "this country is beautiful."

Washington Conference-(Nov. 12, 1921 - Feb. 6, 1922) international conference on naval limitations; Belgium, China, France, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Porugal, and the U.S.; had to limit naval armament generally; 5-Power Pact and 4-Power treaty signed and 9-Power treaty (Open Door Policy) acknowledged.

Louisiana Purchase-(1800) secret pact between Napolean and Spain - Jefferson didn't want to risk that Napolean would control the land; sent James Monroe to buy New Orleans and as much land eastward as the could for $10 million; Napolean sold the whole Louisiana Purchase for $15 million because he needed military funds and didn't need or want the land anymore; doubled the size of the United States and brought many good things as well as controversy.

Gettysburg-(July 1-3, 1863) Union General George C. Meade, Confederate Gneral Lee; Gettysburg, Pennsylvania; Jefferson Davis sent a peace delegation from Confederates, Lincoln wouldn't let them through - marked the turning point in the war, even though they continued fighting for almost two years; Lincoln dedicated the cemetery at Gettysburg and delivered the two-minute Address.

Antietam Creek- Robert E. Lee moved north into Maryland, Lincoln restored General McClellan's power (to active command), Union soldiers found Lee's battle plans wrapped around cigars; McClellan halted Lee at Antietam (Sep. 17, 1862); a militarial draw and the bloodiest single day of the war.

Battle of New Orleans- (War of 1812) (Jan. 8, 1815)British plan to attack New Orleans to get access to Mississippi Valley; British fought up to the banks of the Miss. R.; Jackson fortified the area and won a decisive battle with the help of Lafayette in less than 30 minutes; US lost few people but inflicted injury -- had no real effect on the war (Treaty of Ghent had already been signed).

Palmer Raids- Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, the "Fighting Quaker," rounded up six thousand communist suspects during the "red scare" (1919-1920).

Resignation of William Jennings Bryan- resigned from secretary of state in 19195; protested against the administration's hostility towards Germany; retained recognition as an important national figure.

Invention of the Cotton Gin- (1793) by Eli Whitney; the cotton engine revolutionized Southern agriculture; now the Cotton-and-Slave Kingdom; interchangeable parts revolutionized Northern industry (eco/techno superiority); made mass cultivation of cotton possible, spread slavery across the Southern interior.

XYZ Affair- (1797, Paris) X-Y-Z refers to go-between: French spokesman demanded unneutral loan of 32 million florins and about $250,000 for talking with Talleyrand; US said no way; John Marshall hailed as a hero; US prepared for war; caused because the French were infuriated by Jay's Treaty.

Cuban Missile Crisis-(1962) confrontation between US and Russia following the discovery of nuclear missile sites in Cuba; Kennedy placed blockade on the island and Russia agreed to remove the missiles (rather than nuclear war); hotline established between White House and Kremlin to prevent accidental missile launches.

Ratification of the Constitution- (officially adopted June 21, 1788) federalist supported it vigorously, antifederalists balked at the "gilded trap" - charged that the sovereignty of the states was being submerged (no bill of rights either); ratified by ratifying conventions in eac state (candidates elected by their pledges for or against the Consititution).

Boston Massacre-(1770) British troops, when hit by hecklers in the crowd in Boston, opened fire upon innocent protesters; 5 killed, 8 soldiers tried for murder, defended by John Adams, most acquitted; Anti-British feelings escalated.

Conflict over Mexican Cession- (1847) The US wanted to buy California and New Mexico from Mexico, but there was a war instead; Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo was signed in 1848: made the boundary between Mexico and Texas the Rio Grande R.; California and NM were ceded to the US -- paid Mexico $15 million.