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King Andrew I-(1767-1845) Actually Andrew Jackson; president from 1829-1837; first westerner to be elected as prez; ended the political era dominated by planter aristocracy of Virginia and the commercial aristocracy of New England; was an aristocrat of a self-made mold; *friend of the common people*.

Charles A. Beard- an historian, wrote An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States; said the Constitution was a document by the rich elite for the rich elite, that the Articles of Confederation were better suited to the needs of the poorer, propertyless masses.

Frederick Jackson Turner- wrote "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" (1893); argues that the U.S. owes survival of democracy to the west, not the east; said that the struggles in the wilderness changed Europeans into Americans.

William Lloyd Garrison- an abolitionist, author of The Liberator (started January 1, 1831); favored Northern secession from the South; burned a Constitution on July 4, 1854, calling it "a covenant with death and an agrement with hell."

Emerson - Self Reliance- a supporter of transcendental ideals; reflected those of the expanding America; stressed self-reliance, self-improvement, self-confidence, optimism, and freedom.

Harriet Beecher Stowe- author of Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852); determined to express to the North the wickedness of slavery; relied on powerful imagery; influenced by the Second Great Awakening; condemned by the south as a "vile wretch in petticoats"; often considered a spark of the Civil War.

Horatio Alger- postwar writer; Puritan-reared New Englander; (1866) stopped preaching and started writing; had a formula: virtue, honesty, industry rewarded by success, wealth, and honor (survival of the purest); wrote over 100 volumes of juvenile fiction and sold over 100 million copies.

A. Philip Randolph- WWII black leader (head of Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters); threatened a "Negro March on Washington" in 1941 to demand equal opportunity for blacks in war jobs and armed forces; Roosevelt issued executive order forbidding discrimination in defense industries and established the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC); black drafted into service.

Malcolm X- inspired by militant black nationalists in Nation of Islam, Malcolm changed name from Little to X to advertise African identity lost in white MAerica; brilliant and charismatic preacher -- trumpeted black separatism and spoke against the "blue-eyed white devils"; looked up to Nations's founder, Elijah Muhammed; later changed his name to El Haj Malik El-Shabazz and preached a more conciliatory message; gunned down in 1965 by rival Nation of Islam.

John L. Lewis-(1880-1969) miner who worked his way up to president of United Mine Workers of America; founded Congress of Industrial Organization in the mid-1930's to unite the undustrial workers.

Clarence Darrow- criminal lawyer who fought against Scope int the "monkey trial"; made Bryan appear foolish on the stand.

JFK- Peace Corps- army of idealistic and youthful vounteers to brin American skills to underdeveloped countries; JFK summoned citizens (prompted: "Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country.")

John Marshall - Nationalism- Supreme Court Chief Justice (Federalist); voted strongly for judicial review of congressional legislation; in McCulloch v. Maryland (sided with McCulloch, bank), siad Constitution derived from the people, so the governement mus cater to the people; made the judiciary branch one of the strongest branches; wanted more control of the government.

John Hay - Open Door Policy-(summer 1899); to all "great" powers, a document decreed: respect the ideal of fair trade in China within their spheres of influence (respect Chinese rights).

Andrew Carnegie- steelamker, practiced vertical integration of steel industry (illegal); one of about 40 "Pittsburgh millionaires"; contributed tons of money to the city, built libraries ($60,000); coined the phrase "Steel is King."

Cesar Chavez- head of UFWOC (United Farm Workers Organizing Committee); softspoken and charismatic; improved working conditions for Chicano "stoop laborers"; Hispanic influence in politics.

Booker T. Washington vs. W.E.B. DuBois- Washington: 1881, taught a black school in Alabama; taught trades (self-respect, economic security); "accomodationist" approach to racial problems; wanted economic independence for blacks; DuBois: black editor, historian and sociologist; leader of civil rights movement in U.S.; helped found the National Association for Advancement of Colored People (NAACP); wanted equality.

Columbus- God save you if you don't already know this one; Spanish (Portuguese-born) explorer backed by Ferdinand V and Isabella I; "discovered" North American continent on October 12, 1492; originally seeking a westward trade routh to India (instead reached the island of Hispanola and claimed it for Spain).