Bali Product - THE COFFEE PLANT is a small tree or a large bush related to the gardenia and the cinchona tree, which produces quinine. Wild varieties commonly grow to three or four meters and occasionally reach 10 meters in height. The hybrid plants that produce the best coffee Arc trimmed to an ideal height of just under two meters to increase production and facilitate picking. The oval leaves are dark green and shiny and come to a sharp point. Robusta leaves am 20 centimeters long and half that width; arabica leaves are slightly smaller. The tree needs shade, And In Bali it is usual to Plant some fast growing tree like dapdap to cover the coffee trees and protect them from the suit.

In Bali the fragrant white flowers appear first in April and then remain dormant until at least a little rain has fallen usually in September or October. Then the blossoms develop fully and produce seeds robusta by cross pollination. Green barrier form, grow to spheres about the site of small grapes, and finally- turn red and arc read%- for harvest. From flower to harvest takes abaout 10 months.

The ripe fruit of the coffee tree is very much like a small cherry and, in fact sometimes called just that, although it is less plump and somewhat elongated. The fruit are green when first formed, gradually changing to a bright red when fully ripe. The red outside covering is thick pulpy skin, inside of which is a yellowish, sweet. "jelly.- This surrounds the tow, beans or barrier-coffee beans grow in palm, and arc hemispherical in shape. The beans vary in color front pale tan to pale, mottled green. They only turn to the rich -coffee" brown after roasting. Each of the two beans in a cherry is enclosed in membrane called the parchment which becomes brittle when the cherry is dried. Inside this layer surrounding each individual coffee bean is delicate seed skin commercial called the silver skin. The preparation of coffee for either roasting or for export in a green state consists of removing the juicy layer, the parchment, and the silver skin, and then drying the bean itself

The method of preparation used twit the large coffee-estates of East Java is called WIB, for west Indische Bereiding Preparation, Dutch for -West Indian Preparation." The process originated in the Caribbean. The beans arc picked only when completely red. This means that the trees have to be picked at regular, firequent intervals and it innovative a good deal of labor. The beans arc first placed in a large vat of water-the red beans sink while the defective: ones arc skimmed off And saved lot another process. The red beans arc then sent through a pulper that breaks them open and squeezes the beans right out of the pulpy skin. -Me beans then go to large tanks where they arc allowed to ferment for a day. This loosens the glutinous "jelly- and allows it to be washed off. The beans are spread out in the suit to dry, which may take several weeks during which time they must be turned over regularly. In some areas mechanical heater. Are used- When the beans arc thoroughly dry they arc put through hulling and polishing machines which crack and remove both the parchment and silver skins.

In Bali the usual preparation is done via a dry process, called OIB, for Oost Indische Bereiding ("East Indian Process"). This is a much simpler method, but it produces coffee that is of a lower quality, than WIB. The hearts arc picked when about 70 percent red. 20 percent green, and 10 percent yellow. The pulping Arid and termenting stages is skipped. The beans are washed to remove dirt and other impurities, then spread out under the sun to dry. They are then sent through fanning and hulling machines that remove the hulls, the pulp, and the skins. In Indonesia the average vivid is about 400 to 500 kilograms of dried beans per heaters per are which is not very good it international stam dards which are almost double this amount.

Coffee trees are usually started from seedlings obtained for government nonsense. Coffee trees need good shade all during their productive lives. In Bali a farmer planning to plant coffee will plan coffee will plan some that growing tree like dapdap two years before the first seeding are planted. A coffee orchard or plantation produces a great deal of cover, and the soul underneath it is protected from erosion by the dense growth of coffee trees, cover trees, and other surface vegetation. In recent years clove trees have been edging out coffee in Bali. Twenty years ago there were hardly any cloves in Bali. Now one sees them along the roads and in the forest everywhere. They have been popular because of the premium market price and because the crop requires little work to bring to harvest. But clove trees require total open sunlight and a clear ground surface between tree. This clearing of the land has resulted in severe erosion in several places and has led to worms about the future quality of the water supply in some areas. Strict laws have now been passed governing the cutting of trees. The recent falling price of cloves has also helped discourage this proactive

Coffee tree can also be grown from seed Robusta cross pollinates and is not best when grown from seeds. It is usually grown by grafting on to resistant stocks. Arabica is self pollinating and can be grown from seeds. Seeding can also be produced by bending down the lower branches of the tree and burying the tops in the earth. After about four month roofs from and the new growth starts. A coffee tree may continue to yeiled profitably for 30 years. or more. although at "It half Of that is average, and growers prefer to insure high yeilds by replacing older trees at intervals of About 12 to 15years. An old free can be cut to ground level, and, if left alone, will branch and produce again. New trees are set out in a grid, each plant three meters from the next. A coffee free produces a big crop only in alternate years, although proper pruning will even out these fluctuations