The instruments of Hindustani music

Melody instruments

• Bansuri
  The Bansuri is a deceptively simple bamboo flute. The Indian-style flute uses no keys, tone control being a matter of breath control and careful fingering on the six or seven holes in the flute. The bansuri is one of the recent additions to classical music in India, having been traditionally regarded as more of a folk instrument.
• Bin (Rudra Vina)
  The Bin is one of the oldest instruments in Indian music. Technically a stick zither, it consists of a fingerboard with two large gourd resonators at either end. The Bin usually has four main playing strings, and two or three "chikari" strings used as rhythmic drones. It is used primarily in performance of Dhrupad, and as such is rather rare.
• Harmonium
  An instrument introduced by the British, the harmonium is like a small pump organ. It is almost never used as a solo instrument, being much more common as an accompaniment for a vocalist. Some musical purists object to it because it cannot reproduce the subtle changes of intonation that are necessary in Indian music.
• Santur
  Another instrument which until recently was used mainly for folk music, the santur is the Indian version of the hammered dulcimer. The classical version has 84 strings. It is traditionally associated with the province of Rajasthan.
• Sarangi
  The sarangi is the principal bowed instrument in modern Hindustani music. A typical sarangi has three main playing strings, and from 35-40 sympathetic strings. Although traditionally used mainly to accompany singers, it is gaining a reputation as a solo instrument.
• Sarod
  One of the two main plucked string instruments in Hindustani music, the sarod is a fretless instrument with (usually) 25 strings. Of these 25, fifteen are sympathetic strings, and six more are tuned to various drones, leaving four main playing strings. It is played with a plectrum made out of a piece of coconut shell.
• Shehnai
  The Shehnai is a double-reed wind instrument (like an oboe). Traditionally it was used mostly for outdoor celebrations, and for temple music. More recently it has been used as a concert instrument as well.
• Sitar
  The sitar is probably the best-known of the instruments of India. It is a long-necked plucked lute, typically with about 18 strings (11 sympathetic, 3 - 5 drone strings, and 2 - 4 playing strings). As it is fretted, the complex ornamentation of Indian music is produced by pulling the string sideways along the fret.
• Surbahar
  The surbahar is similar to the sitar, but larger, and with a deeper tone. It is used in some of the same contexts as the Bin, and is also a rather rare instrument.

• Dholak
  The Dholak is a small barrel-shaped drum, used mostly for folk music. It is sometimes heard in percussion ensembles, or accompanying Qawwali concerts.
• Pakhawaj
  The Pakhawaj is a barrel-shaped, double headed drum, with a low, sonorous tone. It is rarely used these days in performance of anything other than Dhrupad music.
• Tabla
  Tabla is the most common percussion instrument in Hindustani music, and almost any concert will include a tabla player. The instrument consists of two drums, one played with the right hand, one played with the left. The right hand drum (appearing on the left in this picture) is tuned to the drone, and thus provides an extra reinforcement of the fundamental pitch.

• Tamboura
  The tamboura is the most common source of a drone in Hindustani concerts. It is a long-necked lute (similar in shape to a sitar), without frets. It usually has four to six strings, which are strummed continuously throughout the performance.
• Swarpeti
  The swarpeti (literally, "note-box") is like a harmonium without the keyboard. It is just a bellows and a few reeds which are tuned to the drone. These days it is not uncommon to see electronic swarpetis at concerts as well.

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