Aum Gung Ganapathaye Namah

Namo tassa bhagavato arahato samma-sambuddhassa

Homage to The Blessed One, Accomplished and Fully Enlightened

In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful

Meenakshi

A Collection of Articles, Notes and References

References

(Revised:  Thursday, February 08, 2007)

References Edited by

An Indian Yogi

What’s in a name? That which we call a rose

By any other name would smell as sweet.

- William Shakespeare

Copyright © 2007-2010 An Indian Yogi

The following educational writings are STRICTLY for academic research purposes ONLY.

Should NOT be used for commercial, political or any other purposes.

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8 "... Freely you received, freely give”.

            - Matthew 10:8 :: New American Standard Bible (NASB)

 

1 “But mark this: There will be terrible times in the last days.

2 People will be lovers of themselves, lovers of money, boastful, proud, abusive, disobedient to their parents, ungrateful, unholy,

3 without love, unforgiving, slanderous, without self-control, brutal, not lovers of the good,

4 treacherous, rash, conceited, lovers of pleasure rather than lovers of God

5 having a form of godliness but denying its power. Have nothing to do with them.

6 They are the kind who worm their way into homes and gain control over weak-willed women, who are loaded down with sins and are swayed by all kinds of evil desires,

7 always learning but never able to acknowledge the truth.                                                                     

8 Just as Jannes and Jambres opposed Moses, so also these men oppose the truth--men of depraved minds, who, as far as the faith is concerned, are rejected.

9 But they will not get very far because, as in the case of those men, their folly will be clear to everyone.”

            - 2 Timothy 3:1-9  :: New International Version (NIV)

 

6 As he saith also in another place, Thou art a priest for ever after the order of Melchisedec.

            - Hebrews 5:6 :: King James Version (KJV)

 

Therefore, I say:

Know your enemy and know yourself;

in a hundred battles, you will never be defeated.

When you are ignorant of the enemy but know yourself,

your chances of winning or losing are equal.

If ignorant both of your enemy and of yourself,

you are sure to be defeated in every battle.

-- Sun Tzu, The Art of War, c. 500bc

 

There are two ends not to be served by a wanderer. What are these two? The pursuit of desires and of the pleasure which springs from desire, which is base, common, leading to rebirth, ignoble, and unprofitable; and the pursuit of pain and hardship, which is grievous, ignoble, and unprofitable.

- The Blessed One, Lord Buddha

 

Contents

Color Code

A Brief Word on Copyright

References

Educational Copy of Some of the References

 

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A Brief Word on Copyright

Many of the articles whose educational copies are given below are copyrighted by their respective authors as well as the respective publishers. Some contain messages of warning, as follows:

Republication or redissemination of the contents of this screen are expressly prohibited

without the written consent of “so and so”.

According to the concept of “fair use” in US copyright Law,

The reproduction, redistribution and/or exploitation of any materials and/or content (data, text, images, marks or logos) for personal or commercial gain is not permitted. Provided the source is cited, personal, educational and non-commercial use (as defined by fair use in US copyright law) is permitted.

Moreover,

  • This is a religious educational website.
    • In the name of the Lord, with the invisible Lord as the witness.
  • No commercial/business/political use of the following material.
  • Just like student notes for research purposes, the writings of the other children of the Lord, are given as it is, with student highlights and coloring. Proper respects and due referencing are attributed to the relevant authors/publishers.

I believe that satisfies the conditions for copyright and non-plagiarism.

  • Also, from observation, any material published on the internet naturally gets read/copied even if conditions are maintained. If somebody is too strict with copyright and hold on to knowledge, then it is better not to publish “openly” onto the internet or put the article under “pay to refer” scheme.
  • I came across the articles “freely”. So I publish them freely with added student notes and review with due referencing to the parent link, without any personal monetary gain. My purpose is only to educate other children of the Lord on certain concepts, which I believe are beneficial for “Oneness”.

 

References

Some of the links may not be active (de-activated) due to various reasons, like removal of the concerned information from the source database. So an educational copy is also provided, along with the link.

If the link is active, do cross-check/validate/confirm the educational copy of the article provided along.

  1. If the link is not active, then try to procure a hard copy of the article, if possible, based on the reference citation provided, from a nearest library or where-ever, for cross-checking/validation/confirmation.

 

References

Meenakshi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meenakshi

Meenakshi Amman Temple

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meenakshi_temple

Dr. S. Chidambarathanu Pillai. (1991) Siddha System of Life. (1/e) Madras, India:  Siddha Medical Literature Research Centre.

Brunton, Paul. (1962) A Search in Secret Egypt. (17th Impression) London, UK:  Rider & Company.

Brunton, Paul. (1991) A Search in Secret India. (1/e) New Delhi, India:  B.I. Publications Private Limited/York Beach, ME, USA:  Weiser/London, UK:  Messrs Riders & Co.

Steven Lee Myers. (Tuesday, October 1, 2002) A Russian Lama's Body, and His Faith, Defy Time. New York, USA:  Ivolginsk Journal, The New York Times Company.

http://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/Religion/Fac/Adler/Reln260/Russian%20lama.htm

V M Kulkarni. (1931) Naturopathy:  The Art of Drugless Healing. Bombay, India:  Roy & Co., Homoeopaths. Chapter XI. Natural and Natural Living. Section 12. Natural Mode of Life and Longevity. Page 260-262.

 

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Educational Copy of Some of the References

FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY

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Reference

Meenakshi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meenakshi

 

Meenakshi

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

Picture

Meenakshi deity at the Meenakshi temple in Madurai

 

Picture

Meenakshi deity at the Meenakshi temple in Madurai.

 

Meenakshi, according to Hindu mythology, is a deity; a Goddess who is related to two of the three Godheads - Vishnu and Shiva. She is the sister of Lord Vishnu, and wife of Lord Shiva. She is also one of the few goddesses who has a temple devoted to her- the famed Meenakshi temple in Madurai. The picture on the right shows her idol at the temple.

 

There is a legend that Meenakshi was a princess, who was born with fish-shaped eyes and fishy smell. After seeking advice from holy men, she was told that the fishy smell would disappear when she met her future husband.

 

She was also told that the fish-like qualities would transform into beauty. This duly happened when she met the god Shiva, whom she married eight days later in Madurai, the husband taking on the form of Lord Sundareshwara.

 

Contents

1 The legend of Meenakshi

2 Metaphorical representation

3 Meenakshi Devi

4 Literary references

5 References

 

The legend of Meenakshi

Long ago Indra had killed a demon, even though the demon did not harm anyone. This act brought a curse upon Indra that forced him to continue wandering until he was redeemed from his sin. After much wandering Indra was freed from his suffering through the power of a Shivalingam in a forest and so built a small temple at that site.

 

It so happened that at that time in South India there was a Pandyan king ruling a small city by the name Manavur, which was quite near to this Shivalinga. His name was Kulashekara. He came to know about the Shivalinga and decided to build a huge temple for Shiva in the forest Kadambavanam (vanam means forest). He also developed the region into a fine princely state called Madurai.

 

The king was childless and sought an heir for the kingdom. Shiva granted him his prayers through an Ayonija child (one born not from the womb). This child was three years old and actually the incarnation of goddess Parvati the wife of Shiva. She was born with three breasts and fish-shaped eyes. It was said that the extra breast would disappear when she met her future husband. She was named Meenakshi, (meaning fish eyed) from the words Meen (meaning fish) and akshi (meaning monarchy).

 

Picture

Shiva the Natarajan performing the Universal dance.

 

She grew up to be a Shiva-Shakti personification. After the death of the king, she ruled the kingdom with skillful administration.

 

In one of her expeditions she went to the Himalaya mountains and there, on seeing Shiva, her extra breast disappeared. Many of the gods and goddesses came to witness their marriage.

 

Picture

Gopuram of Madhurai Meenakshi temple built for Meenakshi.

 

At the wedding celebrations the Gods refused to have the served food unless Shiva performed a majestic dance for everybody gathered at the place. At this there was the dance of Chidambaram, the cosmic dance in front of his wife Meenakshi. It epitomised and merged all life force and beauty into one whole. In the end Meenakshi was merged with the shivalingam and became the representation of life and beauty.

 

There is another legend that talks about why the North Tower (called as "Mottai Gopuram") does not have that many sculptures. Bhootaganas were supposed to finish the construction of the temple towers during the night. Legend says that bhootaganas completed all three towers but while in the middle of building the north tower sunrise happened halting the completion of the north tower.

 

Metaphorical representation

The story describes the early understanding of beauty and growth and the processes of life and creation in mythical metaphors.

 

Meenakshi Devi

Minakshi Devi is another name for the Goddess. As a mark of respect, Meenakshi's full title is Sri Minakshi Devi. Like a fish, Minakshi Devi's eyes are always open, watching over her devotees. Her eyes are fabled to bring life to the unborn.

 

Though written Minakshi, the word is pronounced meen (fish) aakshi (eyes).

 

The stotram Meenakshi Pancha Ratnam (five jewels of Meenakshi) [1] is an incantation to her.

 

Literary references

A remarkable Tamil poem shows the goddess Meenakshi as a girl washing crockery and pots (which consist of all the worlds). This is a daily task, because her husband Shiva repeatedly messes up the universe, which Meenakshi must once more sort out and clean.

 

Shiva wanders through the courtyard of space

destroying your work again and again,

and then comes before you dancing.

You never get angry.

Every day, you just pick up the vessels.

 

In thirty words, Meenakshi becomes a global icon for all who deal with 'impossible' children (or husbands).[1] Themes and activities of early childhood run through the poems. God in the little child is worshipped and protected amidst the toys in the kitchen and back yard.

 

Winning over maya (illusion) is just the realisation of Truth. This is what the Lord can do for us. This is the purpose of all scriptures. This Realisation is the establishment of the symbol (Linga-sthApanaM) of the Light of the Self. Lord Rama did this on the shores of the Ocean just before He crossed over to Lanka. The Lord Shiva as Sundaresvara did a similar pratiSThApanaM (winning over maya) on the day of his wedding with the Goddess Minakshi. Throughout the three worlds the establishment of the sphaTika-lingaM as the unique expression of the Truth in one’s heart augurs for the victory over the mysterious prakRti.[2]

 

References

1. Richman, Paula (1997). Extraordinary Child: Poems from a South Asian devotional genre. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.

2. Visvanatha Sastri, R. (1954). The Great Ocean of Gita-Nectar.

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Reference

Meenakshi Amman Temple

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meenakshi_temple

 

Meenakshi Amman Temple

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Meenakshi temple)

 

Picture

Meenakshi Amman koil

 

Name: Meenakshi Amman koil

Creator: Pandya Kings

Date built: recent construction around 17th century AD

Primary deity: Sundareshwara(Shiva) and Meenakshi(Parvati)

Architecture: South Indian, Kovil

Location: Madurai 

 

The Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple or Meenakshi Amman Temple is one of the most famous Hindu temples dedicated to Lord Shiva and goddess Parvati located in the holy city of Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. It is commonly referred to as the Meenakshi temple.

 

The main deity Sundareswarar means the Beautiful Lord and His divine wife Meenakshi means One who rules the world through her eyesight[citation needed] and Koil means temple in Tamil. The temple forms the heart and lifeline for the 2500 year old city of Madurai[1] that is believed to be the home for the classical language of Tamil. According to the Hindu legends, Lord Shiva with his divine group of followers appeared here in this city of Madurai, to marry the daughter of the Pandya ruler, Meenakshi, who is believed to be a form of Hindu godess Parvati. This temple is one of the most sacred abodes of Parvathi, others being Kamakshi of Kanchipuram, Akilandeswari of Thiruvanaikaval and Vishalakshi of Varanasi.

 

The temple has a stunning architecture and was a frontrunner in the election for the modern seven wonders of the world for its architectural importance[2] [3] [4] [5]. The complex houses 12 magnificient gopurams or towers that are elaborately scultptured and painted. The temple is a significant symbol for Tamil people, and has been mentioned since antiquity in Tamil literature, though the present structure is believed to have been built only in the early 17th century.

 

Contents

1 History

1.1 Mythology

1.2 Modern History

2 The temple structure

2.1 Shrines

2.2 The lake Potramarai

2.3 Thousand Pillar Hall

3 Festivals

4 References

5 External links

 

History

 

Mythology

 

Picture

The divine marriage where brother Vishnu hands his sister Parvati to Shiva (from left, Vishnu, Meenkashi, Shiva)

 

According to Hindu legend, the Lord Shiva came down to earth in the form of Sundareswarar to marry the goddess Meenakshi, who is a form of Parvati, Shiva's divine consort. Parvathi had earlier descended to earth in the form of a small kid in response to the great penance of Malayadwaja Pandya, the ruler of Madurai[6]. After growing up she starts ruleing the city and the Lord appears on earth and proposes to marry her. According to Hindu mythology, the marriage was supposed to be the biggest event on earth, with the whole earth gathering near Madurai. Lord Vishnu the divine brother of Meenakshi was traveling to preside over the marriage from his holy abode at Vaikuntam. Due to a divine play, He was tricked by god Indra and delayed on the way and the in the meanwhile marriage is presided over by a local god Koodal Azhaghar. This angers Lord Vishnu very much and he swears never to enter the city and settles in the outskirts at the beautiful hill of Alagar Koil. He was later convinced by other gods and he proceeded to bless the divine couple - Shiva and Parvati.

 

Both the marriage and the Vishnu's passification are still celebrated as the biggest festival in Madurai, name Azhakar Thiruvizha (the festival for the beautiful lord)[7]. A detailed article on the divine marriage can be found here.

 

The divine couple are believed to have ruled the region for a long time and it is not clear what happened to the place after they left. Another legend says that the Shiva's deity in the form of Linga was discovered by the god of heaven, Indra who built the original temple. This tradition is still followed in the temple with the deity is accompanied by a model of Indra's vehicle, during festive processions.

 

Picture

Meenakshi deity at the temple

 

Modern History

The history of the original structure is not properly known, while the Tamil literature speaks about temple for the last couple of millennia. Thirugnanasambandar, the famous Hindu saint of Shaiva philosophy has mentioned this temple as early as the seventh century and describes the Lord as Aalavai Iraivan[8]. The temple was believed to have been sacked by the infamous Muslim invader Malik Kafur in the 1310[8] and all the ancient elements were destroyed. The initiative to rebuild the structure was taken by Arya Natha Mudaliyar, the Prime Minister of the first Nayak of Madurai (1559-1600 A.D.), the founder of 'Poligar System'. Then came the most valuable contributions of Thirumalai Nayak around the year 1623 to 1659. He took considerable interest in erecting the Vasantha Mandapa of the temple complex.

 

The temple structure

The temple is a massive structure measuring 254 by 237 meters. The temple is surrounded by 12 towers the tallest of which, the famous Southern tower, rises to over 170 ft high [9].

 

Picture

Meenakshi Temple Gopuram at dusk

 

Shrines

The Shiva shrine lies at the centre of the complex, suggesting that the ritual dominance of the goddess developed later. The Shiva shrine also consists of an unusual sculpture of the Hindu god Nataraja. This famous Hindu marquee and a dancing form of Shiva that normally has his left foot raised, has his right foot raised in this temple. According to the legend, this is on the request of the Rajasekara Pandya king who asked the Lord to change His position, as he felt that always keeping a single foot raised will pose enormous stress on that, based on his personal experiments in dancing[10]. This massive Nataraja sculpture is enclosed in a huge silver altar and hence called Velli Ambalam (Silver abode). Outside the Shrine, lies huge scultptures carved of single stone and there is a shrine for a giant Ganesh temple, called the Mukuruny Vinayakar. This idol is believed to have been found during an excavation process to dig the temple lake [9]. The Meenkashi shrine is on the left of the Shiva shrine and is of scultpturally less valuable than the Shiva shrine.

 

The lake Potramarai

Potramarai Kulam, the sacred pond measuring 165 ft * 120 ft [6], inside the temple is a very holy site for the devotees and people go around the lake before entering the main shrine. The etymology for the word means, the Pond with the Golden Lily and as the Lily that grows in it has a golden color. According to the legend, Lord Shiva promised to a stork that no fish or other marine life would grow here and thus no marine animals are found in the lake [11]. In the Tamil legends, the lake is supposed to be a judge for judging a worth of a new literature. Thus, authors place their works here and the poorly written works are supposed to sunk and the scholastic ones are supposed to float[12] [6].

 

Thousand Pillar Hall

The Aiyaram Kaal Mandapam or thousand pillar hall is of very high sculptural importance that contains 985 (instead of 1000) magnificiently carved pillars and maintained by the Archaelogical Survey of India. The thousand pillar hall is supposed to have been built by Arya Natha Mudaliyar , the Prime Minister of the first Nayaka of Madurai (1559-1600 A.D.), the founder of 'Poligar System'. An equestrian statue of the Mudaliyar flanks one side of the steps leading to the 'mandapam'. Each pillar is sculptured and is a monument of the Dravidan sculpture. There is a Temple Art Museum in this 1000 pillars hall where you can see icons, photographs, drawings, etc., exhibiting the 1200 years old history. Just outside this mandapam ,towards the west, are the Musical Pillars. Each pillar when stuck, produces a different musical note. The kalyana mandapa, to the south of the pillared hall, is where the marriage of Shiva and Parvati is celebrated every year during the Chitirai Festival in mid- April.

 

Festivals

The most important festival associated with the temple is the Meenakshi Thirukalyanam (The divine marriage of Meenkashi) that is celebrated in April every year. During that one month period, in which most Tamilnadu temples celebrate their annual festivals, there are a number of events including the Ther Thiruvizhah(Chariot festival) and Theppa Thiruvizhah (Float festival) are celebrated. Apart from this, major Hindu festivals like Navrathri, Shivrathri are celebrated in a grand manner. Like most Shakti temples in Tamilnadu, the fridays during the Tamil months of Aadi (July 15 - Aug 17) and Thai (Jan 15 to Feb 15) are popularly celebrated with thousands of devotees thronging to the temple. A detailed description of the festivals at this temple can be found here.

 

References

1. India heritage - Meenakshi temple, Madurai.

2. The top 77 nominees.

3. Meenakshi temple a world wonder?.

4. South India promotes temple as a living ‘wonder’.

5. Popular demand: Meenakshi temple in the race for 7 wonders.

6. a b c MAKING OF THE MAGNIFICENT TEMPLE DEDICATED TO MEENAKSHI SUNDERESWARAR.

7. "Madurai - Chitrai festival.

8. a b Official temple site.

9. a b Madurai.com - The meenakshi temple.

10. Velliambalam.

11. Temple theertham.

12. Sanga Thamizh.

 

External links

Official site

About.com article

Nice images portraying the temple architecture

Dravidian Temple Architecture - Meenakshi Amman Temple, Madurai

Meenakshi Temple Photo Gallery

http://www.madurai.com/meena.htm

Indhistory page

Meenakshi Amman Temple - Pictures

http://www.webindia123.com/tourism/pilgrim/meena.htm

Meenakshi Amman Temple travel guide from Wikitravel

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Cross Reference

Dr. S. Chidambarathanu Pillai. (1991) Siddha System of Life. (1/e) Madras, India:  Siddha Medical Literature Research Centre.

 

Page 5

The Siddhas were those who had renounced the world after experiencing its instability and uncertainity. They practised the eight kinds of yogas and wrought great miracles, imbued with divine power. They were super- or god-like men who were one with God, realized the kingdom of God here, knew the past, the present, and the future, rejuvenated their body, lived for thousands of years and ultimately attained the stage of perpetual consciousness  or Samathi and enjoyed eternal bliss. They kept their body unpolluted and unwrecked and lived subterranean lives in samathi for years.

 

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Cross Reference

Meenakshi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meenakshi

...

Meenakshi, according to Hindu mythology, is a deity; a Goddess who is related to two of the three Godheads - Vishnu and Shiva. She is the sister of Lord Vishnu, and wife of Lord Shiva.

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Cross Reference

18 Flee fornication. Every sin that a man doeth is without the body; but he that committeth fornication sinneth against his own body.

19 What? know ye not that your body is the temple of the Holy Ghost which is in you, which ye have of God, and ye are not your own?

20 For ye are bought with a price: therefore glorify God in your body, and in your spirit, which are God's.

- 1 Corinthians 6:18-20 :: King James Version (KJV)

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Page 5-6

Big Hindu temples sprang up over their samathis, and are centres of devout worship even today. They form the most important temples in South India. The plot of underground where the Siddhas remained in samathi forms the sanctum sanctorum of each temple. The Siddha named Sundarananthar and others are said to remain in samathi in the temple of Madura. Agasthyar is embalmed in Kumbakonam, Karuvarar in Kalasthi, Korakkar in Tirukalukuntram, Kaduvali Siddhar in Conjeevaram, Machamuni in Tiruparankuntram, Bohar in Palni, Thirumular in Chidambaram, Aluganni Siddhar in Nagapatanam, Sattamuni in Shyali etc. These facts are found in stanzas 306-313, in the Siddha work named Bohamunivar’s Jnana Saharam, 557. There are thousands of such volumes in South India still in manuscripts.

 

Page 32

The rare findings of Siddhars are that they seldom consider body has separate entity from the life. Sri Thirumoolar says that, “Physical body is the Temple”.

 

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Cross Reference

16 Know ye not that ye are the temple of God, and that the Spirit of God dwelleth in you?

17 If any man defile the temple of God, him shall God destroy; for the temple of God is holy, which temple ye are.

- 1 Corinthians 3:16-17 :: King James Version (KJV)

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According to Siddha Philosophy the people are responsible for their death and life. If they cannot conquer their death, they can atleast certainly postpone their death for centuries.

 

Page 86

THE BIRTH, AGE AND PLACE OF SAMADHI OF EIGHTEEN SIDDHAS

 

No  Name of the      Month        Natchithram  Kaal     Age     Decades  Place

Siddhas          of Birth     (Stars)                                 of Samathi

1   Nandeesar        Vaikasi      Visakam      4        680      3         Kailasam

2   Thirumoolar      Kaarthigai   Poosam       3        200      27         Chidambaram

3   Agasthiar        Maarkali     Aayilam      3        4 Yugam  48         Ananthasayanam

                                                                      (Thiruvananthapuram)

4   Sattaimuni       Aavani       Maheram      3        800      14         Seerkazhi

                                                                          (Thirunarangam)

5   Karuvoorar       Chithirai    Astham       2        300      42         Thanjavur

6   Pulasthiyar      Aavani       Anusham      4        660      8         Aavudaiyarkoil

                                                                          (Papanasam)

7   Korakkar         Kaarthigai   Aayilam      2        80       11         Thirukonamalai

                                                                          (Poigai Nallur)

8   Kamalamuni       Vaikasi      Poosam       2        4000     12         Thiruvarur

9   Paampatti        Kaarthigai   Maheram      3        163      4         Thirugnanam –

                                                                          Thuvaragai

                                                                          Maruthamalai

10  Edaikkadar       Puratassi    Thiruvathirai 2       100      18         Thiruvannamalai

                                                                          (Arunai)

11  Sivavakkiar      Thai         Maham        2        81       20         Kumbakkonam

12  Konganar         Chithirai    Uthiradam    2        1200     11         Tirupathi

13  Bogar            Vaikasi      Parani       2        300      18         Pazhani

14  Machamuni        Aadi         Rohini       1        300      62    Thirupparankuntram

15  Punnakkeesar     Vaikasi      Chithirai    2        112      18         Changanacheri

                                                                          (Nannavur)

16  Kalangi          Chithirai    Asuvathi     4        3000     10         Kancheepuram

                                                                          (Kanjamalai)

17  Sundarar         Aavani       Revathi      3        800      28         Madurai

    (Sri Vallabha Siddhar)

18  Theraiyar        Pankuni      Moolam       2        700      90         Pothigaimalai

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Cross Reference

Brunton, Paul. (1962) A Search in Secret Egypt. (17th Impression) London, UK:  Rider & Company.

 

Page 280-281

“Therefore, I repeat that foreigners who for the sake of hidden treasures, or that exaggerated curiosity which often disguises itself as scientific enquiry, seek to exploit any ancient country where magic was much understood and practised, take grave risks. There are secret tombs of the great Lamas at Lhassa, in Tibet, whose existence partly accounts for the reluctance of the Tibetans to allow foreigners to enter their country. Yet a day will come when people may be permitted to see those tombs and interfere with them, bringing consequent disasters upon themselves.

 

Page 281

In ancient times, Egypt was the chief centre of magical knowledge and practice. In magic, either white or black, i.e. used for good or evil purposes, Egypt excelled even India. To-day, those powerful psychic forces let loose in the past, still affect the country and its people – again either for uplifting or unfortunate results. Some of the latter, for instance, are diseases, like eczema, which are simply the consequence of evil, magical influences still persisting in the land and afflicting living Egyptians.

 

“Let this warning go out through your pen. Now you may understand why we have met. Even if it be scorned and ignored, my duty and yours – if you will accept it – shall have been done. Nature’s laws do not pardon ignorance; but even that excuse shall have gone.

 

Thus ended Ra-Mak-Hotep’s message. I have faithfully transcribed it and have set it down here for what it is worth.

 

We met a few more times, the Adept and I, and then I was called away to pursue my travels farther south. At each of our meetings he stored my head with information about the tenets of the mysterious fraternity to which he belonged. It was during a reference to some experiences of mine in India, where I had met a young Yogi who claimed that his Master was more than four hundred years old, that Ra-Mak-Hotep gravely announced the startling and incredible information that some Adepts who had lived and moved in ancient Egypt were still alive!

 

I shall not quickly forget the exclamations of astonishment with which I greeted his statement.

 

The pith of his assertions was that there are Adepts whose bodies lie in a comatose state in certain Egyptian tombs which have not yet been discovered, and which, he claimed, would never be discovered by the ordinary archaeologist.

 

Page 281-282

The tombs of these great Adepts are too well-guarded and will never be found by your ‘diggers’,” he explained. “Those tombs are not tombs of the dead, but of the living. They contain, not mummies, but the bodies of Adepts in a unique state which the word ‘trance’ most nearly describes. You have discovered in India that fakirs have permitted themselves to be buried for short or long periods of time whilst keeping their bodies in an entranced state.¹ The function of their breathing organs was completely suspended during the period of burial. Up to a certain point, the Egyptian Adepts are in a similar state, but their knowledge is far more profound, and they have kept their bodies entranced, yet alive, for thousands of years.

 

Page 282-283

“Moreover, there is one vital difference between them and those Hindu fakirs. The latter fall into a totally unconscious state during their burial, and remember nothing until they awaken againunless they are Adepts, in which case they could never be persuaded to give a public demonstration of their powers. The Egyptian Adepts, however, remain fully conscious during their interment, and although their bodies are in coma, their spirits are free and working. In India you visited the Sage Who Never Speaks, who lives near Madras, and on the first occasion you found him in a profound trance, seemingly as though dead. Yet you must know that his mind was very much alive, because on your second visit he not only knew all about your first one, but mentioned his objection to your having attempted to take his photograph then. Such a man functions in the inner realms of being, or even on the physical realm by using an etheric body. The buried Egyptian Adepts are mentally in a similar condition while physically their bodies are, of course, much more profoundly entranced. Their spirits move and travel, their minds think in a condition of full consciousness and they have the advantage of being aware of two worlds – the material and the spirit worlds.

 

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Cross Reference

Meenakshi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meenakshi

...

Meenakshi, according to Hindu mythology, is a deity; a Goddess who is related to two of the three Godheads - Vishnu and Shiva. She is the sister of Lord Vishnu,...

...

Like a fish, Minakshi Devi's eyes are always open, watching over her devotees. Her eyes are fabled to bring life to the unborn.

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Page 283

“Their bodies are hidden in undiscoverable tombs, which await the return of their spirits. One day the latter will re-animate those comatose bodies, which will then step forth into the outer world again. The process of re-animation will have to be performed by the right persons, who possess the necessary knowledge. Part of the ritual of awakening will consist in chanting certain secret ‘Words of Power’. It may seem curious to you, but their bodies are apparently embalmed, for they lie swathed in linen and enclosed in mummy coffins. There is, however, the vital difference that they have never had their hearts cut out as was done with real mummies. All their vital organs remain intact, except that they have collapsed stomachs, due to the fact that no food has been intaken since the beginning of their entrancement. Another difference is that the living Adepts have had their faces and bodies entirely covered with a coating of wax. This coating was applied after the state of entrancement had been induced.

 

Page 283-284

Their tombs are well concealed, and their number is extremely small – naturally, for only highly advanced Adepts could enter this state and not all Adepts are willing to do so. I do not like to use the word ‘trance’ in their case because it gives a wrong impression, but I know no other word which can fitly be employed. Their condition is quite different, for instance, from the trance of spiritualist mediums and hypnotic subjects. There are really profound degrees of trance which modern investigators have never traced. All such conditions which they have contacted are superficial in comparison with the profound and unique condition of the entombed Egyptian Adepts. In the repose of the latter there is really much activity; they are not really in trance states, as the world understands that word.

 

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Reference

WordWeb 4.5 Dictionary

http://wordweb.info/

 

repose

Lean in a comfortable resting position

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Page 285

There is one Adept who has been in his tomb since 260 B.C.; another since more than 3000 B.C.; still another who has lain there for 10,000 years! They are all working very actively in secret for the spiritual welfare of mankind. They know what is going on in the entire world, despite the fact that their bodies are interred. They are perfect men. By that I mean that their bodies cannot be touched – not even by any insect or parasite – such is the tremendous radiation of their spiritual forces. Moreover, they are in constant telepathic communication with certain living Adepts of our time who themselves possess a functioning body. The spiritual treasures preserved by those ancient Egyptian Adepts are handed over to these living Adepts. When the time comes to awaken them, the ritual of arousal will have to be performed by one of the latter.”

 

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Cross Reference

Meenakshi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meenakshi

...

Meenakshi, according to Hindu mythology, is a deity; a Goddess who is related to two of the three Godheads - Vishnu and Shiva. She is the sister of Lord Vishnu,...

...

Like a fish, Minakshi Devi's eyes are always open, watching over her devotees. Her eyes are fabled to bring life to the unborn.

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Page 282

¹ In my account of the Indian Yogis, A Search in Secret India, a reference to one of these fakirs appears on page 93. It may be of interest to supplement that reference with the following further details, which I have taken from Sir Claude Wade’s official account.

 

The fakir was buried alive in a box which was placed in a cell three feet below the floor and with a guard comprising two companies of soldiers. Four sentries were furnished and relieved every two hours, night and day to guard the building from intrusion.

 

“On opening the box,” wrote Sir Claude, “we saw the figure enclosed in a bag of white linen fastened by a string over the head. The servant began pouring warm water over the figure – the legs and arms of the body were shrivelled and stiff, the face full, the head reclining on the shoulder like that of a corpse. I then called to the medical gentleman who was attending me to come down and inspect the body, which he did, but could discover no pulsation in the heart, temples or arm. There was, however, a heat about the region of the brain which existed in no other part of the body. The process of resuscitation including bathing with hot water, friction, the removal of wax and cotton pledgets from the nostrils and ears, the rubbing of the eyelids with clarified butter, and, what will appear most curious to many, the application of a hot wheaten cake about an inch thick to the top of the head. After the cake had been applied for the third time, the body was violently convulsed, the nostrils became inflated, the respiration ensued, and the limbs assumed a natural fullness, but the pulsation was still faintly perceptible. The tongue was then annointed with clarified butter, the eyeballs became dilated and recovered their natural colour, and the fakir recognized those present and spoke.”

 

I remember a very old Indian, who had witnessed a case of burying a Yogi alive for twenty-seven days. He told me that when the man had been disinterred and resuscitated, the air rushed into his lungs with a whistling noise, like that of a steam-whistle.

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Cross Reference

Brunton, Paul. (1991) A Search in Secret India. (1/e) New Delhi, India:  B.I. Publications Private Limited/York Beach, ME, USA:  Weiser/London, UK:  Messrs Riders & Co.

 

Chapter VI The Yoga Which Conquers Death

...

Page 93

Does it not recall to memory the idle dreams of our European alchemists of medieval times, dreamers who sought an elixir of life, but who succumbed to the sickle of death one by one? But if Brama is not self-deceived, why should he seek to deceive me. He has not sought my company and he makes no effort to acquire disciples.

 

A strange fear touches my brain. What if he is merely mad? No – he seems so sensible and rational in other matters. Would it not be better to regard him as mistaken? Yet something in me doubts even that conclusion. I am bewildered.

 

“Can I not convince you?” He speaks again. “Have you not heard the story of the faqueer who was buried by Ranjeet Singh in a vault at Lahore? The burial of the faqueer took place in the presence of English army officers, while the last of the Sikh kings watched it himself. The living tomb was guarded by soldiers for six weeks, but the faqueer emerged healthy and alive. Enquire into this story, for I have been told that it is written somewhere in the records of your Government. This faqueer had brought his breathing under great mastery and could stop it at will without danger of dying. Yet he was not even an adept in Yoga, for I have heard from an old man who knew him when he was alive that his character was not good. His name was Haridas and he lived in the North. If this man could live in an airless space for such a long time without breathing, how much more can be done by the true masters of Yoga, who practise in secret and will not perform these marvels for gold?”¹

 

A pregnant silence follows our conversation.

 

¹ I have since verified this reference and find that the actual episode occurred in 1837 at Lahore. The faqueer was buried in the presence of King Ranjit Singh, Sir Claude Wade, Dr. Honigberger and others. A guard of Sikh soldiers watched the grave day and night to prevent fraud. The faqueer was dug up alive forty days later. Fuller particulars can be found in the archives at Calcutta.

 

Page 93-94

There exist other strange powers which can be acquired by the way of our Yoga, but who, in these degenerate days, will pay the heavy price to obtain them?

 

Page 94

There is another pause.

 

We who live and work in the everyday world have sufficient to do without seeking such powers,” I venture, in defence of my epoch.

 

“Yes,” agrees Brama, “this path of Body Control is only for the few. Therefore the teachers of our science have kept it a silent secret through the centuries. It is not often that they seek after pupils; pupils must seek after them.

 

 

The next time we meet, Brama visits my quarters. It is evening and we soon adjourn for dinner. After the meal and a short rest, we go out on the moonlit veranda where I plant myself in a deck chair, while the Yogi finds a mat on the floor more comfortable.

 

For several minutes we silently enjoy the bright radiance of the full moon.

 

As I have not forgotten the astonishing events of our last meeting, it is not long before I broach anew this incredible matter of men who snap their fingers at death.

 

Why not? Brama asks his favourite question.There is an adept in our Yoga of Body Control who is hidden among the Neilgherry Hills, here in the South. He never stirs from his retreat. In the North, there lives another whose home is a cave upon the snowy Himalayas. These men you cannot meet, for they disdain this world, yet their existence is a tradition among us and we are told that they have extended their lives to hundreds of years.”

 

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Cross Reference

The Nilgiris District

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nilgiris_District

 

The Nilgiris District

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

The Nilgiris District is in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The Nilgiri (Tamil : நீலகிரி) or Blue Mountains are also the name given to a range of mountains panning across the states of Tamilnadu and Kerala and are part of a larger mountain chain known as the Western Ghats. The highest point is the mountain of Doddabetta, with a height of 2,637 m. The district is mainly contained within this mountain range. It had a population of 762,141 as of 2001 and is 59.65% urbanised. [1]

 

Contents

1 Main features

2 Tribes

3 Ecoregions

4 History

5 Transport

6 See also

7 External links

 

Main features

Tea is grown at elevations of 1,000 to above 2,500 metres. The area also produces eucalyptus oil and temperate zone vegetables. Parts of many Indian movies are filmed in the Nilgiris.

 

The altitude of the Nilgiris results in a much cooler wetter climate than the surrounding plains, and so the area is popular as a retreat from the summer heat. The rolling hills of the Downs look very similar to the Downs in Southern England, and were used for similar activities such as hunting.

 

The principal town of the area is Ootacamund, or Udagamandalam. In the town there are many buildings which look very "British", in particular the Churches. There is even a road junction known as Charing Cross.

 

The other main towns in the Nilgiris are Coonoor, Kotagiri, Gudalur and Aruvankadu. The famous tourist spot in Coonoor are Lamesrock and Sims park. In Sims park, every year they conducting "Fruit Show" function during summer season. All the varieties of fruit are shown during that time. This park is situated on the way of Kotagiri.

 

Tribes

 

Picture

Hut of Toda tribe in the Nilgiris

 

There are several tribes living in the Nilgiris, whose origins are uncertain. The best known of these are the Toda people, whose culture is based upon cattle, and whose red, black and white embroidered shawls, and silver jewelry is much sought after.

 

There is a railway running from Mettupalayam to Udhagamandalam via Coonoor, which is a great tourist attraction. It was used in the film A Passage to India as the railway to the caves. It is a rack railway as far as Coonoor.

 

Ecoregions

Two ecoregions cover portions of the Nilgiris. The South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests lie between 250 and 1000 meters elevation. These moist deciduous forests extend south along the Western Ghats range to the southern tip of India. These forests are dominated by a diverse assemblage of trees, many of whom are deciduous during the winter and spring dry season. These forests are home to the largest herd of Asian Elephants in India, who range from the Nilgiris across to the Eastern Ghats. The Nilgiris and the South Western Ghats is also one of the most important tiger habitats left in India.

 

The South Western Ghats montane rain forests ecoregion covers the portion of the range above 1000 meters elevation. These evergreen rain forests are among the most diverse on the planet. Above 1500 meters elevation, the evergreen forests begin to give way to stunted forests, called sholas, which are interspersed with open grassland. These grasslands are the home to the endangered Nilgiri tahr, which resembles a stocky goat with curved horns. The Nilgiri tahrs are found only in the montane grasslands of the South Western Ghats, and number only about 2000 individuals.

 

Much of the native forest has been cleared for grazing cattle, or for plantations of tea, Eucalyptus and Acacia. Two national parks protect portions of the Nilgiris. Mudumalai National Park lies in the northern part of the range where Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu meet, and covers an area of 321 km². Mukurthi National Park lies in the southwest of the range, in Kerala, and covers an area of 78.5 km², which includes intact shola-grassland mosaic, habitat for the Nilgiri tahr. The entire range, together with portions of the Western Ghats to the northwest and southwest, was included in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve in 1986, India's first biosphere reserve.

 

The region has given its name to a number of bird species, including the Nilgiri Pipit, Nilgiri Woodpigeon and Nilgiri Blackbird.

 

History

The Nilgiri hills have a history going back a good many centuries. It is not known why they were called the Blue Mountains. Several sources cite the reason as the smoky haze enveloping the area, while other sources say it is because of the kurunji flower, which blooms every twelve years giving the slopes a bluish tinge.

 

It was originally tribal land and was occupied by the Todas around what is now the Ooty area and the Kotas around what is now the Kotagiri area. The Badagas appeared here much later from the Mysore Plateau, the unconfirmed date being 1550. Although the Nilgiri hills are mentioned in the Ramayana of Valmiki (estimated by Western scholars to have been recorded in the second century B.C.E.), they remained all but undiscovered by Europeans until 1602. This was when the first European set foot into the jungles. A Portuguese priest going by the name of Ferreiri resolved to explore the hills and succeeded. He came upon a community of people calling themselves the "Toda." This priest seems to have been the only European to have explored this area. The Europeans in India more or less seem to have ignored the ghats for some two hundred or more years.

 

It was only around the beginning of the 1800s that the English unsuccessfully considered surveying this area. Around 1810 or so the East India Company deceided to delve into the jungles here. An Englishman Francis Buchanan made a failed expedition. John Sullivan who was then the Collector of Coimbatore, just south of the Nilgiris, sent two surveyors to make a comprehensive study of the hills. They went as far as the lower level of Ooty, but failed to see the complete valley. The two men were Keys and Macmohan (their first names seem to be lost to the annals of history)and their mission was significant because they were the first Englishmen to set foot in the Nilgiri hills which soon led to the complete opening up of the area.

 

The original discovery however,is attributed to J.C.Whish and N.W.Kindersley, working for the Madras Civil Service, who made a journey in 1819 and who reported back to their superiors that they had discovered "the existence of a tableland possessing a European climate."

 

The first European resident of the hills was John Sullivan, the Collector of Coimbatore, who went up the same year and built himself a home. He also reported to the Madras Government the appropriateness of the climate; Europeans soon started settling down here or using the valley for summer stays. The complete valley became a summer resort. Later on the practice of moving the government to the hills during summer months also started.

 

By the end of the 19th century, the Nilgiri hills were completely accessible with the laying of roads and the railway line.

 

Transport

The Nilgiri Ghat Roads link the district with the nearest cities in Tamilnadu, Kerala and Karnataka.

 

The Nilgiri Mountain Railway, is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This services many of the populated areas of the district including Coonoor, Wellington, Aruvankadu, Ketti, Lovedale and Ooty.

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“You really believe this?” I exclaim in deferential doubt.

 

“Without a doubt! Have I not the visible example of my own master?”

 

A question which has been on my mind for many days, presses itself to the fore again. Hitherto I have hesitated in voicing it, but now that our friendship has come so close I decide to give the query a bold outlet. I look earnestly at the Yogi and ask him:

 

“Brama, who is your master?”

 

For a while he returns my gaze, but yields no answer. He looks at me hesitatingly.

 

Page 95

When he speaks, his voice is slow and grave:

 

He is known to his Southern disciples as Yerumbu Swami, meaning The Ant Teacher.

 

“What a curious name!” I exclaim involuntarily.

 

My master always carries a bag of rice powder from which he feeds the ants wherever he may be. But in the North and among the Himalayan villages where he sometimes stays, he bears another name.

 

“Is he, then, perfect in your Yoga of Body Control?”

 

“Even so.”

 

“And you believe that he has lived ____?”

 

“I believe that he is over four hundred years old!” Brama quietly finishes the sentence for me.

 

There is a tense pause.

 

I stare at him in bewilderment.

 

“Many a time he has described to me what happened during the reigns of the Moghul Emperors,” supplements the Yogi. “And he has told me stories of the days when your English India Company first came to Madras.

 

Sceptical Western ears are unable to accept these statements.

 

“But any child who has read a history book could tell you such things,” I counter.

 

Brama ignores my remark. He goes on:

 

“My master remembers clearly the first battle of Panipat¹ and he has not forgotten the days of the battle of Plassey². I recollect how he once referred to a brother disciple, one Beshudananda, as a mere child of eighty years!

 

In the clear moonlight I notice that Brama’s swarthy, broad-nosed countenance remains peculiarly unmoved while he utters these strange words. How can my brain, nurtured in the strict methods of inquiry which modern science has called forth, entertain such assertions? After all, Brama is a Hindu and must possess some of the legend-swallowing ability of his people. It is useless to contend with him: I shall remain silent.

 

¹ In 1526, the invading army of Baber, a descendant of the ruthless Tamerlane, and the forces of the King of Agra met in conflict at Panipat.

 

² This famous battle, which opened the British path to power in India, occurred in 1757.

 

Page 95-96

The Yogi continues:

 

“For more than eleven years my master was spiritual adviser to one of the old Maharajahs of Nepal, the State which lies between India and Tibet. There he is known and loved by some of the village people, who dwell among the Himalayan mountains. They revere him as a god when he visits them, yet he talks to them in a kindly way, in the manner of a father talking to his children. He gives no heed to caste rules, and he eats neither fish nor meat.”

 

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Cross Reference

19 Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost:

- Matthew 28:19 :: King James Version (KJV)

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Page 96

“How is it possible for a man to live so long?” My thoughts involuntarily voice themselves again.

 

Brama looks away, seems to forget my presence.

 

“There are three ways in which this is possible. The first is to practise all the postures, all the breathing exercises and all the secret exercises which comprise our system of Body Control. This practice must take place until one is perfect, which can be done only under a proper master who can show you in his own body what he teaches. The second way is to partake regularly of some rare herbs which are known only to the adepts who have studied this matter. These adepts carry the herbs secretly, or hide them in their robes when travelling. When time arrives for the final disappearance of such an adept, he selects a worthy disciple, makes the secret known to him, and presents him with the herbs. To none else are they given. The third way is not easy to explain.” Brama stops abruptly.

 

Will you not try?” I urge.

 

It is possible that you will laugh at my words.

 

I assure him that, on the contrary, I shall treat his explanation with due respect.

 

Page 96-97

“Very well. There exists a tiny hole inside the brain of man.¹ Within this hole dwells the soul. There is also a kind of valve which protects this hole. At the bottom of the spine there comes into being the unseeable life-current which I have mentioned to you more than once. The constant loss of this current causes the body to grow old, but its control fills the flesh with new life and perpetuates it. When a man has conquered himself, he can begin to get this control by certain practices which are known only to advanced Yogis of our school. And when he can withdraw this life-current up his spine, he may then try to concentrate it into the hole in the brain. But, unless he finds a master who will assist him to open the protecting valve, he cannot succeed. If he finds a master who is willing to do this, then the unseeable current will enter the hole and turn into the Nectar of Longevity, as we name it. It is no easy task, for ruin waits in ambush for the man who attempts it alone. But the man who succeeds can induce a condition similar to death whenever he pleases, and so obtains the victor’s power when real death seeks him out. In fact, he can choose the exact moment of his death at any time, and to the severest examination he will appear to have died naturally. One who has all these three methods at his command can live for many hundred years. So have I been taught. Even when he dies, the worms will refrain from attacking his body. A century later his flesh will still be free from decay.”

 

¹ It is possible that Brama refers to the cavity caused by the four inter-communicating ventricles of the brain, but I am not sure.

 

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Cross Reference

Bhishma

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhishma

 

Bhishma

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

Bhishma (Sanskrit: भीष्म, bhīshma) born as Devavrata (देवव्रत, dévavrata), is one of the major characters of the Mahabharata.

 

Contents

1 Early life

2 Bhishma's vow

3 In the Mahabharata War

4 External links

 

Early life

Bhishma was the eldest son of Shantanu by his first wife Ganga (the holy River). Shantanu was the third king after Dushyanta and Bharata, though the vansh (family or progeny) is said to have started with Bharata the great. Bhishma learnt political science from Brihaspati, the guru of the Devas, Vedas and Vedangas from rishi Vasishta, and archery from Parashurama, also known as Bhargava. He was known as 'Bhishma Pitamaha' (i.e., Bhishma, the grandfather or grandsire) among the Pandavas and the Kauravas. Bhishma is considered to be one of the greatest examples of a dutibound officer.

 

Bhishma's vow

'Bhishma' means 'He of the terrible oath', referring to his vow of life-long celibacy. Devavrata became known as Bhishma because he took the bhishan pratigya — the vow of life-long celibacy and of service to whoever sat on the throne of his father (the throne of Hastinapura). This was because when his father Shantanu wanted to marry a fisherwoman Satyavati, her father refused, saying that his daughter's children would never be rulers because Shantanu already had a son (i,e., Devavrata). This made Shantanu despondent. To placate Satyavati's father, Devavrata promised that he would never stake a claim to the throne, implying that the child born of Shantanu and Satyavati would become the ruler after Shantanu. At this, Satyavati's father retorted that even if Devavrata gave up his claim to the throne, it was still possible that his (Devavrata's) children would claim the throne. At this, Devavrata, to make his father happy, took the terrible vow, thus sacrificing his crown-prince title, and denying himself the pleasures of intercourse. This gave him immediate recognition among the gods. His father granted him the boon of Ichcha Mrityu (control over his own death — he could choose the time of his death, but not, as may be suggested, one of immortality).

 

Bhishma was a great archer and a warrior of peerless valour and courage. In the process of finding a bride for the young king Vichitravirya for whom he was the regent, Bhishma challenged the assembled suitors at the swayamvara of the Kashi princesses Amba, Ambika and Ambalika and defeated all of them. Unknown to Bhishma, Salya, the ruler of Saubala is in love with Amba the eldest princess who reciprocates his feelings. While on the way to Hastinapura with the princesses, Bhishma is confronted by Salya who challenges him to a battle for the hand of Amba in marriage. After a hard fight, Salya is vanquished and admits defeat. Upon reaching Hastinapura Amba confides in Bhishma that she wished to wed Salya and no other. When Bhishma sends her to Salya, the vanquished ruler turns her down in shame of losing the combat. Upon being turned down by Vichitravirya too, as a maiden who had loved another man, Amba is incensed at Bhishma, whose interference she perceives as the root cause of her troubles. She performs penance to Shiva, and obtains the boon to one day be instrumental in Bhishma's death. Amba would be born as a Panchala princess in the house of King Drupada, who as a consequence of another boon would be transformed into Shikhandi and be the root cause of Bhishma's death.

 

In the Mahabharata War

He is the one who witnessed the Mahabharata completely from the beginning since the rule of the Shantanu.

 

In the great battle at Kurukshetra, Bhishma, bound by his oath to serve the ruler of Hastinapura, fought very reluctantly on the side of the Kauravas; nevertheless, he gave it his best effort. At one stage, his impeccable military prowess, combined with Arjuna's disinclination to fight him, almost made Lord Krishna break His vow of not actually fighting in the war. Krishna charged at Bhishma to kill him with his Sudarshana Chakra and was welcomed with folded hands by the grandsire. Then Arjuna pleaded with Krishna to stop and promised him that he would fight his best. Satisfied with Arjuna's promise, and also realizing his own error, Krishna stopped short.

 

Bhishma was finally grievously wounded on the tenth day of the battle by Arjuna, who hid behind another warrior Shikhandi, and rained arrows on the grandsire. Bhishma knew that Shikhandi was born a woman and to strike a woman he deemed unworthy of the chivalrous. Thus, the warrior did not resist but merely remarked to Dushasana, "These are Arjuna's arrows, they cannot be Shikhandi's because they tear my flesh as a crab's young ones tear their mother's body." Of all of Duryodhana's commander-in-chiefs, Bhishma had held off the inevitable defeat the longest. He was the supreme commander of the Kaurava forces for ten days compared to Drona's five, Karna's two and Salya on the final day. Bhishma fell, his entire body a pincushion of Arjuna's arrows. After that Drona become the commannder in chief of kaurav army. After his demise Karna replaced him. Soon after this, Karna, who in the face of Bhishma's criticism had sworn his vow to keep out of the Kurukshetra till the withdrawal of Bhishma, approached the grandsire to seek his blessing. Bhishma reveals to Karna that he always knew the truth of the latter's parentage and implored him to persuade Duryodhana (at this point he also told Karna that he had not allowed to fight him under his command as he did not wanted the real brothers to fight with each other)to end the carnage that had already resulted in such great slaughter. Upon Karna's refusal and insistence to remain true to Duryodhana, he nevertheless received the grandsire's blessing. He lay on the 'bed of arrows' till the end of the battle, and chose to die only after learning that the Pandavas had won, as he was now assured that the throne of Hastinapura was in safe hands. In his last days before he ascended to heaven, he recited to Yudhisthira the famous hymn to Vishnu, the Vishnu sahasranama.

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Cross Reference

Steven Lee Myers. (Tuesday, October 1, 2002) A Russian Lama's Body, and His Faith, Defy Time. New York, USA:  Ivolginsk Journal, The New York Times Company.

http://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/Religion/Fac/Adler/Reln260/Russian%20lama.htm

 

October 1, 2002

 

IVOLGINSK JOURNAL

 

A Russian Lama's Body, and His Faith, Defy Time

By STEVEN LEE MYERS

 

Picture

James Hill for The New York Times 

A young Buddhist monk at the Involginsk Monastery in Buryatia. 

 

Picture

The New York Times 

To Buddhists in Russia, Ivolginsk is what Lhasa is to Tibetans. 

 

VOLGINSK, RussiaA miracle has occurred here in Siberia. Or it may be a hoax. Others believe science can explain it. It is a question, it seems, of faith.

 

The story begins in 1927, when a spiritual leader of Russia's Buddhists gathered his students and announced his plans to die. The leader, Dashi-Dorzho Itigilov, the 12th Pandito Hambo Lama, then 75 and retired, instructed those gathered around him to "visit and look at my body" in 30 years. He crossed his legs into the lotus position, began to meditate and, chanting a prayer for the dead, died.

 

The years that followed were difficult for all faiths in Russia, including the Buddhists here in Buryatia, a rugged, impoverished Siberian region on the Mongolian border. The Soviet Union, under Stalin, repressed most manifestations of religion, executing hundreds of lamas and destroying 46 Buddhist temples and monasteries.

 

After World War II, Stalin relented somewhat and allowed the Buddhists to rebuild their monastery outside Ivolginsk, along a low, desolate valley 22 miles from Buryatia's capital, Ulan-Ude. But religious practice remained tightly restricted.

 

When the 30 years had passed — it might have been 28; the details are murky — Itigilov's followers did what he had asked, exhuming his remains from a cemetery in Khukhe-Zurkhen. What they found, as the story goes, was Itigilov's body, still in the lotus position, still perfectly intact, having defied nature's imperative to decay.

 

Stalin was dead, but Soviet power remained absolute, and so the Buddhists reburied Itigilov — and the secret in an unmarked grave, packing his wooden coffin with salt. (That may be important, or not.) "Nobody could talk about it then," said the current Pandito Hambo Lama, the 25th, Damba Ayusheyev. "To bring him back to the temple — it was forbidden, impossible. So he was put back."

 

Unlike supreme Tibetan lamas, who are considered reincarnations of previous lamas and are enthroned for life, Pandito Hambo Lamas are elected by other lamas, serve relatively short terms and are free to step down.

 

The story might have ended with the reburial had not a young lama, Bimba Dorzhiyev, turned his curiosity for history into a quest to resolve the mystery of Itigilov. He found an 88-year-old believer, Amgalan Dabayev, whose father-in-law had been there when the coffin had been opened and who himself had seen Itigilov. He led them to the grave.

 

On Sept. 11, 75 years after Itigilov's death, the body was once again lifted from the earth. This time there was a record of the event: a dozen witnesses, including two forensic experts and a photographer. The lamas who opened the coffin wore surgical masks, but they need not have. Itigilov's body remained preserved.

 

The current Hambo Lama ordered the body brought to Ivolginsk, where it was greeted with fanfare, ringing bells and lulling chants. He ordered the body placed on the second floor of one of the monastery's four temples, where it remains today, secreted behind heavy curtains and locked doors. The monastery's 150 students keep a vigil on the first floor, praying around the clock, though only the lamas may see the body.

 

"To me it is the greatest miracle in life," said Hambo Lama Ayusheyev, the spiritual leader since 1995. "It turns out there are things on which time has no power."

 

The 12th Hambo Lama was born in 1852 in Czarist Russia and orphaned early, according to the Buddhists' history. At 16 he studied to become a lama and served in several monasteries in Buryatia. In 1911 he was nominated along with nine other candidates to become the Hambo Lama and he was ultimately appointed by the czar's governor in Irkutsk. During his time as Hambo Lama, Itigilov is said to have strengthened the faith, especially among the Buryats, a nomadic people of Mongol descent who have lived in the region for more than 30 centuries. He published religious tracts and teachings and united many of the religion's factions.

 

Most of Russia's Buddhists — estimated today at one million — adhere to the "yellow hat" sect that is predominant in Tibet. The Dalai Lama is their highest spiritual leader.

 

In the years since the Soviet collapse, Buryatia has remained a republic of the Russian Federation. Across Russia the Buddhists have begun to thrive again, rebuilding lost temples, opening schools and attracting new followers, even among ethnic Russians.

 

The Ivolginsk monastery is Russia's Lhasa, attracting hundreds of believers a day to its temples and monuments. Hambo Lama Ayusheyev said he had not yet decided what to do with Itigilov's body, but others say it will become a relic that will attract still more visitors.

 

In Moscow, Vladislav L. Kozeltsev, an expert at the Center for Biomedical Technologies, the institute that keeps the body of Lenin — who died in 1924 — in state on Red Square, said the salt in the coffin might have slowed the decay but could not alone explain the preservation of the lama's body. Other factors may include the soil and the condition of the coffin. More likely, Mr. Kozeltsev said, Itigilov suffered from a defect in the gene that hastens the decomposition of the body's cellular structure after death. He added, "You cannot rule out some secret process of embalming."

 

Hambo Lama Ayusheyev says the body was preserved because Itigilov achieved a heightened state of existence through meditation known as shunyata, or emptiness. He acknowledged that there would be skepticism. When greeted with it, he relented on his own order and led a visitor into the temple, up a flight of narrow wooden stairs, past a locked door and into the darkened chamber where Itigilov sits atop a simple table, surrounded by candles and metal bowls holding oils.

 

The lamas have dressed his body in a golden robe, with a blue sash laid across his lap. His eyes are closed, his features blurred, though the shape of his face and his nose certainly resemble the 1913 photograph. His hands remain flexible, his nails perfectly trimmed. His skin is leathery but soft. His head is still covered in short-trimmed hair.

 

"Many people don't see what's obvious," Hambo Lama Ayusheyev said. "Many people won't understand even if they see him."

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Page 97

I thank Brama for his explanation, but I wonder. I am profoundly interested, but I am not convinced. Anatomy does not know this current of which he talks, and it has certainly never known his Nectar. Are these stories of physiological marvels mere superstitious misunderstandings? With them one returns to the age of fable, the ancient days of long-lived wizards and magicians who hold the elixir of life. Yet the demonstrations of breath and blood control which Brama has given me provide some assurance that Yogic powers are not mere chimeras, that these powers can undoubtedly be responsible for the performance of feats which must appear fabulous to the uninitiated. Beyond this point I find it difficult to walk with him.¹

 

I remain respectfully silent, careful not to allow my intellectual struggles betray themselves on my face.

 

Such powers as these would be much desired by men who are nearing the grave,” Brama resumes, “but forget not that the way to them is full of danger. Can you wonder that our masters say of these exercises: ‘Keep them as secret as you would keep a box of diamonds.’

 

“So you are unlikely to reveal them to me?”

 

Those who wish to become adepts should first learn to walk before they try to run?” he replies, with a faint smile.

 

“A last question, Brama.”

 

The Yogi nods.

 

“Where is your master now living?”

 

“He has entered a temple retreat in the mountains of Nepal, on the yonder side of the Terai jungle.

 

¹ The entire conversation, with its amazing statements and cool assertions, now seems like a fantastic dream. My attempt to transfer it to paper is a task which, more than once, makes me contemplate omitting it completely from this book as I have perforce to omit many other conversations. I do not doubt but that it will cause many superior European lips to curl in contempt of Asiatic superstition. If I finally let it pass into publication, it is at the bidding of other judgments than mine.

 

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Cross Reference

Madhesh

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhesh

 

Madhesh

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

Picture

A Madheshi woman from eastern Madhesh

 

Madhesh (ne:मधेश), also known as Terai or Tarai, is the flat southern region of Nepal which stretches from east to west. It is a part of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. It occupies about 17% of the total land and is home to almost 50% of the total population of Nepal.

 

The Madhesh is a 20 to 30 km wide broad belt of flat and fertile land stretching from east to west of Nepal. Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal are in the south and Sivalik/Chure Range is in the north of Madhesh.

 

Contrary to the frequent image of Nepal as mountainous country with snow-covered Himalayas and Mongoloid people, the region is a flat, fertile piece of land with people and culture mostly resembling to that of northern India. The major languages in the region are Maithili, Bhojpuri, Nepali and Hindi .

 

The eastern part of Madhesh was a part of the ancient kingdon Mithila with Janakpur as its capital.

 

Contents

1 Origin of Word Madhesh and Variants

2 Geography

3 Climate

4 People

5 Politics

6 Economy

7 Tourism

8 Important Localities

9 See Also

10 External links

 

Origin of Word Madhesh and Variants

Terai is used to refer to all the Indo-Gangetic Plain region of northern India and southern Nepal. The word Terai or Tarai is assumed to be derived from Persian, which means 'damp' or 'moist land' in that language.

 

In Nepal, the Terai is also referred as Madhesh. The word 'Madhesh' is said to be derived from 'Madhya Desh' meaning 'country in the middle'. Some scholars show its origin in 'Matsya Desh' meaning 'country of fish', tracing its origin to the country described in the Hindu scripture the Mahabharata.

 

There are a number of dialectical forms and Western spellings in use which refer to the population of the Madhesh: Madheshi, Madhesi, Madesi, Mahadhesi.

 

Geography

Madhesh goes along the northern edge of the Gangetic plain. The Gangetic plain goes far into India and end at the Chure Hills (called the Siwalik Hills in India), where it goes up to 1000m immediately. It is never more than 40km wide.

 

The Terai of Nepal includes several valleys (dun), such as the Surkhet and Dang valleys in western Nepal, and the Rapti Valley (Chitwan) in central Nepal, and also referred as Inner Madhesh.

 

The Terai makes up 17% of the area in Nepal. The soil is generally fertile and there is good rain, which accounts for good crops.

 

Climate

The Terai has a subtropical climate and it can often be humid. The best weather is from November to February, when day temperatures are from the mid 20º to the high 20º and it is cool, sometimes cold at night. It very seldom rains at this time.

 

From late April to the beginning of September the weather is mild, often going over 40ºC. The monsoon goes from mid-June to mid-September, and this not a good time to visit. Most areas in the Terai get over 1500mm of rain in a year.

 

People

 

Picture

Janaki Mandir of Janakpur, Nepal, is an icon of Madhesh.

 

The people in the region are mostly Indo-Aryan, whose culture background and ethnicity can be traced with the people in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar in India. However, after eradication of malaria, there have immigrations from the mountain regions of Nepal. Among the several aborigines of Madhesh are Tharus.

 

The people in Madhesh traditionally wear Dhoti and Kurta. The main religion is Hinduism.

 

Politics

In January of 2007 there were protests by the population in the Madhesh region demanding greater autonomy within Nepal, and greater representation in the national parliament.

 

In response, Home Minister Krishna Prasad Sitaula stated that additional electoral constituencies would be added for elections to be held before June 2007, and that "in principle we have agreed to establish a federal state of government but the new constitution to be formed by the constituent assembly will decide on the structure"[1].

 

Economy

Economically Madhesh is the most productive region of Nepal. Most of the major industries of in the country are established in the region.

 

Agriculture is the main economic stake of the region. Main crops are paddy, wheat, pulses, moong, sugarcane, jute, tobacco, and maize. Many agro-based industries like jute factories, sugar mills, rice mills and tobacco factories are established throughout the region.

 

Tourism

The main places to visit in Madhesh are Royal Chitwan National Park; Lumbini, the birth place of Buddha; and pleasant interesting Janakpur, the birthplace of Sita and where she married Rama, from the Ramayana.

 

The main east–west road through Nepal is the Mahendra Highway, which goes from the Karnali River at the western border of Bardia National Park to Kakarbhitta on the eastern border of Nepal in the east.

 

Important Localities

Biratnagar

Rajbiraj

Janakpur

Birganj

Siddhartanagar

Lumbini

Nepalgunj

Mahendranagar

Butwal

Mechinagar

Lahan

Dhangadhi

Dharan

Ithahari

 

See Also

Nepal

Geography of Nepal

Janaki Mandir

 

External links

Terai pictures at Flickr.com

Butwal Today, a daily newspaper from Madhesh

Dharan Municipality

News, Discussions and Library of Madhesh

Nepal Tourism Board

Government of Nepal

BBC Nepali Service

Kantipur Online

Conference on Tarai

Association of Nepali Teraian in America

Nepalgunj Business and Information Portal

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Page 98

“Is he likely to return to the plains again?”

 

Who can foretell his movements? He may remain in Nepal for many years, or he may begin his travels again. He likes Nepal best because our school of Yoga flourishes better there than in India. You see, even the teaching of Body Control differs with different schools. And ours is the Tantra school, which is better understood in the atmosphere of Nepal than among the Hindus.

 

Brama reverts to silence. I guess that he is dwelling in devoted thought upon this enigmatic figure of his master. Ah! if these things I have heard to-night are more real than legendary, then, indeed, one may catch a glimpse of what is around the corner – Man, Ageless and Immortal!

 

Page 115

Chapter VII The Sage Who Never Speaks

...

When we emerge from the compound, Brama, the Adyar anchorite, turns to me and says, in a quiet voice:

 

“This Yogi has reached a high state, although not the final goal. He possesses occult gifts, but is keener to perfect his spirituality. His fine bodily condition I attribute to his long practice of the Yoga of Body Control, though I now observe that he has advanced into the art of Mind Control. I knew him before.”

 

“When?”

 

“I discovered him some years ago near here, when he lived in the open field without a cottage. I recognized him for what he was – a practising Yogi following my path. I shall also tell you that he informed me – through writing, of course – that in early life he was a Sepoy in the army. After his period of service came to an end, he wearied of this worldly life and embraced solitude. It was then that he met the renowned faqueer Marakayar and became his disciple.”

 

We proceed in silence across the fields and then rejoin the dusty road. I do not mention to anyone the unexpected and inexplicable experience which came to me in the cottage. I want to muse over it while its echoes are yet sounding fresh within me.

 

Page 115-116

I never see the Sage again. He does not wish me to intrude upon his secluded life and I must respect his wish. I leave him to his lonely meditations, wrapped in his mantle of impenetrability. He has no desire to found a school or collect a following, and his ambitions seem to stretch no farther than passing unobtrusively through life. He has nothing to add to what he has already said to me. He does not make an art of conversation for its own sake, as we do in the West.

 

Page 197

Chapter XI The Wonder-Worker of Benares

...

He tells me his birthplace was in Bengal. At the age of thirteen he was bitten by a poisonous animal. His condition became so serious that his mother despaired of his life and took him down to the Ganges to die. According to the Hindu religion, there can be no holier or happier death than beside this river. He was carried into the sacred stream while the mourning family gathered on the banks for the funeral ceremonies. He was lowered into the water. And then a miracle happened. The deeper they dipped him, the more the water sank around his body. When he was raised again, the water rose upward in harmony until it reached its normal level. Again and again he was dipped; again and again the waters sank of their own accord. In short, the Ganges refused to receive the boy as its dying guest!

 

A Yogi sat on the banks of the river and watched the proceedings. He got up and predicted that the boy was reserved to live and achieve greatness, and that his destiny was most fortunate, inasmuch as he would become a famous Yogi. The man then rubbed some herbs on the poisoned wound and went away. Seven days later he returned and told the parents that the boy was now quite cured, and indeed it was so. But, during the interim a strange thing had happened to the child. His entire mentality and character had changed, and instead of being content to remain at home with his parents, he thirsted to become a wandering Yogi. Henceforth he worried his mother constantly until, a few years later, she granted him permission to leave home. He went forth in quest of the Yoga adepts.

 

Page 197-198

He made his way to Tibet, that trans-Himalayan land of mystery, in the hope of finding his destined teacher among its reputed miracle-working hermits. For it is an idea strongly inherent in the Indian mind that the aspirant must become a personal disciple of someone who has himself mastered the mysteries of Yoga, if he is to succeed in the same quest. The young Bengalee sought for such a man among the solitary hermits who dwell in huts or caves, sometimes when the mountains were swept by howling, icy blizzards, but he returned home disappointed.

 

Page 198

Years passed uneventfully, yet his desire found no abatement. Once more he crossed the border and wandered the bleak wastes of Southern Tibet. In a simple habitation among the mountain fastnesses he discovered a man who proved to be the long-sought teacher.

 

I hear, next, one of those incredible statements which might once have moved me to satiric laughter, but now actually startles me. For I am solemnly assured that this Tibetan master is no less than one thousand two hundred years old! The assertion is made as calmly as a prosaic Westerner might mention that he is forty.

 

This amazing legend of longevity has cropped has cropped up at least twice before. Brama, the Yogi of the Adyar river, once told me that his master in Nepal was over four hundred years old, while a holy man whom I encountered in Western India said that there was a Yogi living in an almost inaccessible mountain cave on the Himalayas who was so oldover one thousand years, was the figure given me – that the lids of his eyes actually drooped heavily with age! I had dismissed both these assertions as being too fantastic, but now I must again entertain a repetition of them, for this man before me hints at being on the track of the elixir of life.

 

The Tibetan teacher initiated young Vishudhananda into the principles and practices of the Yoga of Body Control. Under this rigorous training, the disciple developed powers of the body and mind which were supernormal. He was also initiated into a strange art which he calls Solar Science. For twelve years, despite the hardships of life in a snow-bound region, he continued his pupilage at the feet of the Tibetan possessor of immortal life. His training finished, he was sent back to India. He crossed the mountain passes, descended into the plains, and in due course himself became a teacher of Yoga.

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Cross Reference

V M Kulkarni. (1931) Naturopathy:  The Art of Drugless Healing. Bombay, India:  Roy & Co., Homoeopaths. Chapter XI. Natural and Natural Living. Section 12. Natural Mode of Life and Longevity. Page 260-262.

 

Page 260-261

The Natural mode of living not only confers immunity from disease but also ensures a long and a healthy life. The lion known as the king of beasts and the tiger, match to the lion in strength, feed on raw flesh; but they live about 25 years only; while some African apes such as chempanzies and gorillas who feed on raw fruits and nuts are more than a match for the lion and the tiger in strength and stratagem; further they live for more than 200 years; they also possess strength enough to easily bend and break to pieces the heaviest of the guns of the lion and ape-hunters. Men who lead a natural life and subsist on fruits, nuts and vegetables lead a hearty and healthy life and live more than a century. Democritus and Hippocrates the Greek naturalists lived one hundred and nine years of a happy and joyous life without any illness. The Sweedish veteran Mittelsted who during his military career of 67 years had fought in 17 battles and who led mostly a natural life lived 112 years without any illness. Effingham, our English soldier who subsisted mostly on milk, fruits and nuts died at the ripe age of 144 years. Thomas Parr lived 152 years; he used to subsist on milk and fruits and was always in good health. King Charles heard of him, sent for him, and in order to do him honour had a splendid repast set before him. This caused his death for the post mortem examination showed that it was due to disturbed digestion while both of his internal and external organs were in good condition.

 

The Norwegian Drakenberg died at the age of 146. Joseph Surringtion died at the age of 150. The Hungarian Bowin died in 1750 at the ripe age of 172. Another authentic instance may be mentioned of a Russian veteran who was born in 1623 and died in 1825 aged 202. (Herald of Health Aug. 1920).

 

In the records of St. Leonard’s Church, London, there may be seen an entry of a birth and death which one might be tempted to doubt if it were not invested with full official authority, that of Thomas Carn born January 25, 1588 and died 1795 aged 207 years; he saw 12 sovereigns occupying the British throne.

 

People of one hundred years of age and upwards are by no means rare in the rural population of the Herzegovina, and there are some villages in the mountain districts of that country in which it very rarely happens that an inhabitant dies before the age of eighty. A peasant named Anton Turitsch had attained the age of 130 and was living in a healthy state in 1920. (Herald of Health August 1920).

 

Page 262

Ivan Kusmin a peasant aged 138 years was admitted into the Obuchow hospital in St. Petersburg on the 3rd October 1895. John Saveire de Limo died in 1730 at the age of 198. Peter Maffens mentions in his History of India a man named Numisde Cogua who died in 1556 aged 370 years. His teeth beard and hair grew four times. (Herald of Health Aug. 1928). Bheeshma lived over 177 years. Ashwatthama, Balee, Vyasa, Hanumantha, Vibheeshana, Kripa and Parashurama are said to be the longest lived in India. They are known as chiranjeevis i.e., the Longest-lived.

 

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Published on internet:  Tuesday, February 06, 2007

Revised:  Thursday, February 08, 2007

 

Information on the web site is given in good faith about a certain spiritual way of life, irrespective of any specific religion, in the belief that the information is not misused, misjudged or misunderstood. Persons using this information for whatever purpose must rely on their own skill, intelligence and judgment in its application. The webmaster does not accept any liability for harm or damage resulting from advice given in good faith on this website.

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“Thou belongest to That Which Is Undying, and not merely to time alone,” murmured the Sphinx, breaking its muteness at last. “Thou art eternal, and not merely of the vanishing flesh. The soul in man cannot be killed, cannot die. It waits, shroud-wrapped, in thy heart, as I waited, sand-wrapped, in thy world. Know thyself, O mortal! For there is One within thee, as in all men, that comes and stands at the bar and bears witness that there IS a God!

(Reference: Brunton, Paul. (1962) A Search in Secret Egypt. (17th Impression) London, UK: Rider & Company. Page: 35.)

Amen

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