Aum Gung Ganapathaye Namah
Namo tassa bhagavato arahato samma-sambuddhassa
Homage to The Blessed One, Accomplished and Fully Enlightened
In the name of Allah, Most Gracious,
Most Merciful
Language
A Collection of Articles, Notes and References
References
(Revised:
References Edited by
An Indian Yogi
What’s in a name? That which we call a rose
By any other name would smell as sweet.
- William Shakespeare
Copyright © 2002-2010 An
Indian Yogi
The following educational writings are STRICTLY for
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Should NOT be used for commercial, political or any other
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8 "...
Freely you received, freely give”.
- Matthew 10:8 :: New American Standard Bible (NASB)
1 “But mark this: There will be terrible times in the last days.
2 People will be lovers of themselves, lovers
of money, boastful, proud, abusive, disobedient to their
parents, ungrateful, unholy,
3 without
love, unforgiving, slanderous, without self-control, brutal, not lovers of the good,
4 treacherous, rash, conceited, lovers of pleasure rather than lovers of God—
5 having a form of godliness but denying its power. Have nothing to do with
them.
6 They
are the kind who worm their way into homes and gain control over weak-willed women, who are loaded down with sins and are swayed by all kinds of evil
desires,
7 always learning but never able to acknowledge
the truth.
8 Just as Jannes and Jambres opposed Moses, so also these men oppose the truth--men of depraved minds, who, as far as the faith is
concerned, are rejected.
9 But they will not get very far because, as in the case of those men, their
folly will be clear to everyone.”
- 2 Timothy
3:1-9 :: New International Version (NIV)
6 As he saith
also in another place, Thou art a priest for ever after the order of Melchisedec.
- Hebrews 5:6 :: King James Version (KJV)
Therefore, I say:
Know your enemy and know yourself;
in a hundred battles, you
will never be defeated.
When you are ignorant of the enemy but know yourself,
your chances of winning or
losing are equal.
If ignorant both of your enemy and of yourself,
you are sure to be defeated in
every battle.
-- Sun Tzu, The
Art of War, c.
500bc
There are two ends not to be served by a wanderer. What are
these two? The
pursuit of desires and of the pleasure which springs from desire, which is
base, common, leading to rebirth, ignoble, and unprofitable; and the pursuit of pain and
hardship, which is grievous, ignoble, and unprofitable.
- The Blessed One, Lord
Buddha
19. He who is
without
craving and grasping, who is skilled in the
science of language and of
grammar, who
knows the order of letters
in their prior and posterior
relations, he wears this body for the
last time and is truly called a
great Sage. (352)
- The Dhammapada. Canto XXIV – Craving
Contents
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A Brief Word on Copyright
References
Educational Copy of Some of the
References
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A
Brief Word on Copyright
Many of the articles whose educational copies are given below are copyrighted by their respective authors as well as the respective publishers. Some contain messages of warning, as follows:
Republication or redissemination of
the contents of this screen are expressly prohibited
without the written consent of “so and so”.
According to the concept of “fair use” in US copyright Law,
The reproduction, redistribution and/or exploitation of any
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and non-commercial use (as defined by fair use in US copyright law) is permitted.
Moreover,
I believe that satisfies the conditions for copyright and non-plagiarism.
References
Some of the links may not be
active (de-activated) due to
various reasons, like removal of the concerned information from the source
database. So an educational copy is also provided, along with the link.
If the link is active, do cross-check/validate/confirm the educational copy of the article provided along.
References
Ven. Gunaratana. Bhavana Vandana - Book of Devotion
http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/vandana.pdf
Guruswamy,
Mohan. (
http://www.tehelka.com/channels/currentaffairs/2001/july/24/ca072401intel.htm
Superville,
Darlene. (
Lack of Arabic hampering effectiveness of Israeli troops. (
http://216.26.163.62/2002/me_israel_12_20.html
Malayalam
http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/vipin/www/mal.html
Malayalam
the Language
http://www.vidhyarambham.com/malayalam.htm
Pali Vocabulary
Sri Jagannath Sanskrit University, Orissa, India
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Educational
Copy of Some of the References
FOR
EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
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Reference
Ven. Gunaratana. Bhavana Vandana - Book of Devotion
http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/vandana.pdf
By the daily repetition of these
Pali verses and Suttas
people can learn the Pali pronunciation without much
effort.
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Reference
Guruswamy,
Mohan. (
http://www.tehelka.com/channels/currentaffairs/2001/july/24/ca072401intel.htm
It
would be safe to infer that none of even the career IB officers know any of the
major Naga languages.
The army units in
Compare
this with the enthusiasm for their trade by the early modern secret agents like
Ahmad Shah and Sarat Das, who penetrated forbidden
(Reference: Guruswamy, Mohan. (
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Reference
Superville,
Darlene. (
Lack of Arabic Translators Hurting
By
DARLENE SUPERVILLE
WASHINGTON
(AP) - The shortage of Arabic translators in Iraq has made it
harder for U.S. soldiers to protect themselves,
jeopardized interrogations of suspected al-Qaida terrorists in
Despite
an aggressive effort to recruit Arabic speakers in the two years since the
Sept. 11 attacks, the
Solutions
seem hard to come by. Arabic and other
languages of the
``It's
easier to train someone to fly an F-14 than it is to speak Arabic,'' said Kevin
Hendzel, a spokesman for the American Translators
Association.
Critics
contend the
``This
is such a critical challenge that we have, this battle for the minds of this
very important part of the world,'' said Edward P. Djerejian,
a former U.S. ambassador to Syria and Israel who speaks Arabic himself. ``We're
simply not there.''
The
government didn't begin aggressively recruiting Arabic speakers until after the
The
FBI has acknowledged it needs more experienced translators of all languages but
especially Middle Eastern. CIA officials say they need native Arabic speakers
familiar with foreign cultures to blend in overseas. The armed forces also need Arabic speakers who
understand military jargon and are in good enough shape to keep up with troops.
American
troops on duty in
It
also can be dangerous to hire interpreters without sufficient screening.
A
recent Army report on intelligence-gathering in
At
``If
somebody from
The
State Department has fewer than 60 employees fluent in Arabic, out of a total
of 279 Arabic speakers. Only five have the
skills to go toe-to-toe with commentators on Middle Eastern television
programs, according to an advisory
commission Djerejian headed.
The
panel recommended hiring 300 fluent Arabic speakers within two years and
another 300 by 2008. It suggested incentives
to diplomats to maintain and improve their fluency.
To
bridge the gap, the government is seeking private translators to handle
information through secure electronic connections. ``The work we have
right now we measure by the truckload,''
said Everette Jordan, director of the new
The
CIA recently began an effort to attract speakers of Arabic, Chinese and other
key languages to instruct agency officers. It also is recruiting
Arab-Americans.
The
Army has about 1,300 active-duty soldiers who can speak or read some Arabic. An
additional 100 are going through training.
In contrast, many members of each
British military regiment sent to
All
British soldiers sent to
``We realize from our experience in
On
the Net:
Report
of the Advisory Group on Public Diplomacy for the Arab and Muslim World: http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/24882.pdf
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Reference
Lack of Arabic hampering effectiveness of Israeli troops. (
http://216.26.163.62/2002/me_israel_12_20.html
ISRAELI
TROOPS LACK ARABIC SKILLS IN WAR AGAINST PA TEL AVIV — Israeli troops lack
basic skills in Arabic required for the insurgency war against the
Palestinians, experts say.
The
experts, former and current members of the military and security forces, said
Israeli troops operating in Palestinian communities in the West Bank and Gaza
Strip have virtually no knowledge of Arabic and fail to understand the civilian
population they deal with in raids and operations. They said the result is a needless increase in friction with Palestinian
civilians and vulnerability of attacks by insurgents.
Israeli military forces are being urged to deploy Druse soldiers in every combat unit operating in the West
Bank and
"In
the last few months, the problem is becoming worse," [Res.] Brig. Gen.
Ephraim Lapid, who spent most of his career in
military intelligence, said. "The more
hostility and antagonism, there is less willingness to learn Arabic."
Lapid, who as
spokesman for the Education Ministry is urging expanded Arabic courses in Israeli schools, said for decades the
military had a pool of Jewish immigrants from Arab countries who spoke fluent
Arabic. He said military intelligence provides intensive Arabic courses
for its analysts and officers but the failure to use the language in civilian
life has led many to forget the language after they end service.
[Res.] Brig.
Gen. Aryeh Neiger, a
military analyst, said the lack of Arabic
has led to needless confrontation between Israeli troops and Palestinians. Neiger said Israeli soldiers and officers have no idea what
Palestinian civilians are saying to them or each other and cannot read slogans
and signs on the wall that could provide information about their surroundings.
"The
soldiers enter the refugee camp and have no idea what's written on walls or the
screams across the street," Neiger said. "The officers have no idea what's going on. In
general, Israelis only know what Arabs are saying through Israeli commentators
rather than the popular Arab media such as A-Jazeera."
…
(Reference: Lack of Arabic hampering
effectiveness of Israeli troops. (
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Malayalam
http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/vipin/www/mal.html
Anyone interested in learning
Malayalam can obtain the book "Malayalam,
A textbook and reference grammar" by Dr. Rodney Moag, Dept. of Asian Studies,
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Reference
Malayalam
the Language
http://www.vidhyarambham.com/malayalam.htm
Evolution
of Malayalam language:
Malayalam
(/malayALam/) is the principal language of the South
Indian state of Kerala and also of the
With Tamil,
Malayalam, the dominant
language of the state, has three major
dialects: southern, northern and central. The language has 54
alphabets. Literary works in Malayalam are
believed to be in existence from the 13th
century onwards.
(Cross-Reference: Tan Beng
Sin, Piyasilo.
(Piya Tan) The Spread of Buddhism: A study of strategic patterns in global
Buddhist growth.
…1203 when
Development
of Literature
The
earliest written record of Malayalam is the /vazhappaLLi/
inscription (ca. 830 AD). The early literature of Malayalam comprised three
types of composition:
Malayalam
poetry of the late twentieth century betrays varying
degrees of the fusion of the three different strands. The oldest examples of /pattu/
and maniprvAlam respectively are /rAmacharitam/
and /vaishikatantram/, both of the twelfth century.
The
earliest extant prose work in the language is a commentary in simple Malayalam,
Bhashakautaliyam (12th
century) on Chanakya's Arthasastra. Malayalam prose of different periods exhibit a degree of influence
of different languages such as Tamil, Sanskrit, Prakrits,
Pali, Hindi, Urdu, Arabic, Persian, Syrian,
Portuguese, Dutch, French and English. Modern literature is rich in poetry,
fiction, drama, biography and literary criticism.
The
Script:
In
the early thirteenth century /vattezhuthu/ (round writing) traceable to the pan-Indian brahmi
script, gave rise to the Malayalam writing
system, which is syllabic in the sense that the sequence of graphic elements
means that syllables have to be read as units, though in this system the
elements representing individual vowels and consonants are for the most part
readily identifiable. In the 1960s Malayalam dispensed with many special
letters representing less frequent conjunct consonants and combinations of the
vowel /u/ with different consonants.
(Cross-Reference:
Ko, Taw Sein. (1883-1913) The
Introduction of Buddhism into Burma.)
The Burmese alphabet is almost the same as the Talaing*, and the circular form of both strongly indicates
the influence of the Singalese, or the Tamulic type of letter."— Fytche's Burma
Past and Present, Vol. II, page 171.
* ('Mon' is the preferred word, nowadays, Editor, Nibbana.com)
Malayalam now consists of 53
letters including 20 long and short vowels and the rest consonants. The earlier style of writing is now substituted with a
new style from 1981. This new script reduces the different letters for typeset from 900 to less than 90.
This was mainly done to include Malayalam in
the keyboards of typewriters and computers.
Language
variation and external influence:
Variations
in intonation patterns, vocabulary, and distribution of grammatical and
phonological elements are observable along the parameters of region, community,
occupation, social stratum, style and register. Influence of Sanskrit is most
prominent in the Brahimin dialects and least in the Harijan dialects. Loanwords from English, Syrian, Latin,
and Portuguese abound in the Christian dialects and those from Arabic and Urdu
in the Muslim dialects. Malayalam has
borrowed from Sanskrit thousands of nouns, hundreds of verbs and some indeclinables. Some
items of basic vocabulary (e.g. /mukham/ face, /nakham/ nail, /bhArya/ wife, /bharthAvu/ husband) also have found their way into
Malayalam from Sanskrit.
English
stands only second to Sanskrit in its influence in Malayalam. Hundreds of
individual lexical items and many idiomatic expressions in modern Malayalam are
of English origin.
Planning
and Development
As
the language of administration and as the medium of instruction in schools and colleges,
Malayalam is coming into its own. A scientific register in the language is
slowly evolving. Remarkably liberal in their attitudes, Malayalis
have always welcomed other languages to coexist with their own and the
interaction of these with Malayalam has helped its development in different
respects.
Literature:
The
earlier forms of literature include a rich collection of folk songs and
ballads. The literary works of that period were in 'Manipravalam',
a mixture of Malayalam and Sanskrit languages. It is interesting to note that Tamil, the language
spoken in the nearest state is supposed to be the
least sanskritised among all Indian languages. Malayalam shows
evidence of influence by Pali (Magadhi),
the official language of Buddhism. It also
contains many Portuguese, Dutch, English, Arabic, Marathi and Persian loan
words.
In
the 16th century, Thunchathu Ramanujam Ezhuthachan gave a distinct style to the language with his 'Adhyathma Ramayanam' and 'Mahabharatham', regional
adaptations of the great Indian Epics. He is considered to be the father of
Malayalam language.
The
growth of Kathakali as an art form in the 17th
century created another branch of literature known as 'Attakatha', the narrative based on which Kathakali is
performed. Unnai Warrier's 'Nalacharithum
Attakatha' is
considered a classic.
Ramapurathu Warrier's 'Vanchippattu' (Boat songs) and Kunchan Nambiar's 'Thullalppattu' formed two other
literary branches. The European colonisation gave a
new dimension to the realm of literature.
The
advent of printing promoted the concept of newspapers. Dr. Herman Gundert, a German missionary,
compiled the first Malayalam-English lexicon
and started the first Malayalam newspaper. The golden age of Malayalam poetry dawned in the early
20th century, the era of the
trinity of Malayalam poets: Kumaranashan, Ulloor and Vallathol.
Apart
from them, Changampuzha Krishna Pillai's
romantic verses captured the hearts of Malayalees
over the years. In the early seventies, K. Ayyappa Panicker introduced modernist and post modernist strains to
Malayalam poetry.
Even
though the first Malayalam novel, 'Kundalatha'
was published
in 1887 AD, significant contributions to
prose came about only in the 20th century. Ponkannam
Varkey, Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai, P. Kesavadev Vaikom Mohammad Basheer and M. T. Vasudevan Nair
contributed to the prose literature. Kerala has also
produced a number of other talented writers in all branches of literature.
Though
relatively small in number, the women writers and poets such as Nalappat Balamaniamma, Kamala Das, Lalithambika Antharjanam and K.Saraswathiamma
made significant literary contributions.
In
1945, the Sahitya Pravarthak
Sahakarana Sangham (SPCS),
the first ever cooperative society of litterateurs, was formed under the stewardship
of Prof. M.P. Paul and Karoor Neelkantha
Pillai. The SPCS was instrumental in providing
economic stability to the writers. Four writers from Kerala
have bagged the Gnanpith Award, the highest literary
award in
Malayalam
novels and stories are published in weeklies and magazines along with the
sketches and caricatures. A Malayalam translation of any masterpiece of Indian
or international literature is available either as books or magazine serials.
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Reference
Pali Vocabulary
indriya-samata the
'Balance of the Five Spiritual Faculties'
paramattha ultimate
Tipitaka Buddhist Pali Canon
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Reference
Courses
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“Thou belongest to That Which Is Undying, and not merely to time alone,” murmured the Sphinx, breaking its muteness at
last. “Thou
art eternal,
and not merely
of the vanishing flesh. The soul in man cannot be
killed, cannot die. It waits, shroud-wrapped,
in thy heart,
as I waited,
sand-wrapped, in thy world. Know
thyself, O
mortal! For there is One within
thee, as in
all men, that comes and stands at the bar and bears witness that there IS a God!”
(Reference: Brunton, Paul. (1962) A Search in Secret
Amen