(3) Tie the following knots in nylon filament (fishing line): blood knot; fishermans surgeon knot.
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Blood Knot The blood knot is a knot for joining two lengths of fishing line. The running end of one line is twisted around the standing part of the other line several times, and the end is bent back and passed between the two lines where they meet (4). The running end of the second line is twisted around the first line and the end threaded through the gap from the opposite side to the first one (5). The knot is then drawn tight (6, 7, 8). |
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Fisherman�s Surgeon Knot This knot is used by fishermen to tie leaders directly to their lines, or for tying two lines together. Its one disadvantage is that it is fairly bulky knot that does not slip easily through the eyes on a rod. Place the line and the leader next to each other, overlapping by 30cm (40). Holding the two lines together, make and overhand knot by passing the whole leader and the running end of the line through the loop (41). Make an extra twist in the overhand knot by passing the whole leader and the running end of the line through the loop again (42). Next grip the line and the running end of the leader in one hand, and the leader and the running end of the line in the other hand and pull slowly but firmly. When the knot is pulled as tight as you possible, release both running ends and further tighten the knot by pulling only on the standing ends. Trim the ends. |
(4) Make the following lashings with a high degree of efficiency, and know the uses of each: square lashing; diagonal lashing; figure-of-eight lashing; round lashing; sheer lashing.
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Square Lashing Whenever two spars are to be crossed at any angle and lashed together for any purpose, the basic method of securing them is the Square Lashing. To make it, tie a Clove Hitch round the vertical spar, or if the spars are at an angle to one another, then just below where they cross (105). Heave it tight, twist the end and the standing part together and bring them in front of, and then over the horizontal spar, round behind the vertical one and down over the horizontal one (106). Continue to do this for three to four turns, heaving as tight as possible after each layer is made. Next, take two or three frapping turns round the lashings, between the spars, heaving as tight as you can (107:108). Finally, make a Clove Hitch round the horizontal spar (or the spar other than that on which the first Clove Hitch was made), pulling it back firmly against the lashing (109). Dispose of any spare rope by taking turns around the spar on which you finished, ending with a couple of half hitches. |
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Diagonal Lashing This is a badly named lashing since many spars lashed on a diagonal would require a Square Lashing. A Diagonal Lashing is used when the two spars need to be drawn together, for example, when they are cross braces on any construction already made with Square Lashings. To make a Diagonal Lashing, make a Timber Hitch round both spars at their junction (89), draw the spars together and take three or four turns round the join (90). Change the direction and take a similar number of turns at right angles to the first set (90:91). Take two or three frapping turns round the lashings between the spars as indicated by the arrow in Fig 91 and finish off with a Clove Hitch on either of the spars (92). All turns must be heaved as tight as possible as they are made. Three or four turns made very tightly will hold more securely than a dozen made more loosely. |
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The Figure-of-eight Lashing Is used for lashing three spars together at the top when the bottom ends are to be opened out to make a tripod. Lay the spars alongside one another, tie a Clove Hitch around one of the outside spars, and twist the running end around the standing part of the rope. Now go over and under the three spars with the rope alternatively (A) like a figure-of-eight for seven or eight times (B). Frap between each spar, and finish off with a Clove Hitch (C) on the opposite outside spar to the one on which you started. Unlike most other lashings, with the figure-of-eight lashing the wrapping turns and the two frapping turns should not be tight as the lashing tightens when the legs of the tripod are opened out. |
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Shear Lashing To make shear legs, we use the Shear Lashing. Lay the two spars together and commence with a Clove Hitch around one spar towards one end. Twist the end and the standing part together and take six or seven turns around both spars (99:100). Split the legs and take two frapping turns round between the spars and finish off with a Clove Hitch round the spar other than the one with which you started (101:102). The turns on this lashing must not be heaved so tight, since it might be impossible to open the legs. Experiment and experience are required to know how tight they should be. |
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Round Lashing To make and end-to-end Shear Lashing, lay the two spars down overlapping about seven to eight times the diameter of the spar. The lashing may be commenced by a Timber Hitch or a Clove Hitch around both spars (103). Take eight to ten turns very tightly around both spars, heaving just as tight as you possibly can. Finish with a Clove Hitch round both spars, heaving it back tightly against the turns (103). It is not practical, with this lashing to use frapping turns, and it is therefore quite useful to use wedges, driven in with a mallet (104). |