The Alphabet

The Modern Greek alphabet, which is inherited from Ancient Greek, consists of twenty-four letters. They are the following

The transcription of the names of the letters and of the letters above is according to the English language.

When sigma is a capital letter it is always Σ. When it is a small letter and is the last letter of the word, then it is ς; otherwise it is σ.

Κάπα, πι, ταυ, ξι and ψι do not have an English equivalent.  The pronunciations above are approximations.  The Greek pronunciation is a bit softer.  In English, K, P and T are pronounced with an aspiration (a soft ‘h’ sound), however, in Modern Greek, these plosive consonant are unaspirated (without the ‘h’ sound).  English speakers do pronounce unaspirated K, P and T immediately after an [s] as in skill, spin and stool.

RELATION BETWEEN LETTERS AND SOUNDS

The Greek alphabet, which is better suited for the sound system of Ancient Greek, contains seven vowel letters, i.e. α, ε, η, ι, ο, υ, ω and seventeen consonants i.e. β, γ, δ, ζ, θ, κ, λ, μ, ν, ξ, π, ρ, σ(ς), τ, φ, χ, ψ while in the Modern Greek sound system contains five vowel phonemes ([a, ɛ, i, ɔ, u]) and twenty consonant phonemes ([p, t, k, b, d, g, ts, dz, f, v, θ, δ, s, z, χ, ɣ, m, n, l, ɾ]).

Thus, in Modern Greek, as in English, there is no perfect one-to-one relationship between letters and sounds.  Every phoneme in Modern Greek is not represented by the same letter, nor does every letter always stand for the same phoneme.  There are sounds which are represented in more than one way, such as the vowel phonemes [ɛ], [i], [ɔ], phonemes which are not represented at all, such as [u], [b], [d], [g], [ts], [dz], and, on the other hand, there are two single letters, namely ξ and ψ which represents a sequence of two phonemes each, i.e. the clusters [ks] and [ps] respectively.

Greek orthography, however, provides more consistent relation to its pronunciation than English orthography.

PRONUCIATION OF SIGMA (Σσς)

The letter sigma, which is pronounced [s] before a vowel or a voiceless consonant, represents the sound [z] when it occurs before voiced consonants, except for words beginning with [l] and some words beginning with [n].  For example, σβήνω [ˈzvinɔ], σγουρός [zɣuˈɾɔs], εισδύω [ˈizðiɔ], σμήνος [ˈzminɔs], εισροή [izɾɔˈi], but ισλαμισμός [islamiˈzmɔs], σλαβικός [slaviˈkɔs], Σλοβακία [slɔvaˈkia], σνομπ [ˈsnɔb], σνίτσελ [ˈsnitsel].

THE CONSONANT LETTERS KSI (Ξξ) AND PSI (Ψψ)

There are two single letters in the Greek alphabet which stand for a sequence of two consonants each, i.e. the letters ξ and ψ which stand for the consonant clusters [ks] and [ps] respectively:

                        ξένος [ˈksɛnɔs], δόξα [ˈðɔksa], λοξός [lɔˈksɔs], έναρξη [ˈɛnaɾksɔs], εξτρα [ˈɛkstɾa]
                        ψάρι [ˈpsaɾi], ψέμα [ˈpsɛma], όψη [ˈɔpsi], σκέψη [ˈskɛpsi], κομψός [kɔmˈpsɔs]

It should be noted that the letter ψ is never spelt πσ, but the letter ξ is spelt κσ when it occurs in compound words which have as first component the preposition εκ, for example,

DIGRAPHS

The Vowel Diagraphs ου, αι, ει, οι, υι

Digraphs are two-vowel or two-consonant letter combination used in writing to represent one single speech sound for which there may or may not be a representative letter in the alphabet.

The vowel digraphs are old diphthongs reduced to monophthongs in Modern Greek:

1)      The digraph ου represents the vowel phoneme [u], for example, ουρανός [uɾaˈnɔs], λουλούδι [luˈludi], κάπου [ˈkapu].  This is the only vowel sound for which there is no representative letter in the alphabet.

2)      The digraph αι represents the vowel phoneme [ɛ], which is also represented by the single vowel letter ε, for example, αίμα [ˈɛma], καίς [kɛs], κέγετε [ˈkɛjɛtɛ]

3)      The digraphs ει, οι, and υι represent the vowel phoneme [i], which is also represented by the single vowel letters η, ι, and υ, for example, είμαι [ˈimɛ], ταμείο [taˈmiɔ], κάτοικος [ˈkatikɔs], πόσοι [ˈpɔsi], υιοθετώ [iɔθɛˈtɔ], λήγει [ˈliji], λίγοι [ˈliji], ξυλεία, [ksiˈlia] νοίκι [ˈniki]. The digraph υι occurs only in a few words.

Even though the various spellings of the vowel phonemes do not affect pronunciation, they may sometimes change the meaning of the words as it is indicated by the following homophones:

                        βάζω ‘to put’ vs. βάζο ‘vase’
                        ίσος ‘equal’ vs. ίσως ‘perhaps’
                        κλίμα ‘climate’ vs. κλήμα ‘vine’
                        λήγει ‘it expires’ vs. λίγοι ‘a few’
                        μέλι ‘honey’ vs. μέλη ‘members’
                        μήλα ‘apples’ vs. μίλα ‘speak!’
                        ξένοι ‘strangers (masc)’ vs. ξένη ‘stranger (fem)’
                        σύκο ‘fig’ vs. σήκω ‘stand up!’
                        τοίχος ‘wall’ vs. τείχος ‘city wall’
                        χήρος ‘widower’ vs. χείρος ‘pig’
                        χείλια ‘lips’ vs. χίλια ‘thousand’
                        ψήλος ‘tall’ vs. ψίλος ‘thin’
                        ώμος ‘shoulder’ vs. όμως ‘but’

The Consonant Digraph μπ, ντ, γκ, τσ, τζ

1.) The consonant diagraphs μπ, ντ, γκ represent the stop phonemes [b], [d] and [ɡ] respectively.  Each diagraph represents a sound for which there is no representative letter in the alphabet:

All three digraphs occur mostly in initial position:

                        μπάλα [ˈbala], μπαίνω [ˈbɛnɔ], μπήγω [ˈbiɣɔ], μπορώ [bɔˈɾɔ], μπροστά [bɾɔˈsta]
                        ντάμα [ˈdama], ντύνω [ˈdinɔ], ντόπιος [ˈdɔpjɔs], ντουβάρι [duˈvaɾi], ντροπή [dɾɔˈpi]
                        γκάφα [ˈgafa], γκάζι [ˈgazi], γκιόνης [ˈgjɔnis], γκρεμός [gɾɛˈmɔs], γκρίζος [ˈgɾizɔs]

2.) The consonant digraphs τσ and τζ stand for the affricate phoneme [ts] and [dz] respectively.  Each digraph represents a sound for which there is no representative letter in the alphabet:

                        τσάντα [ˈtsanda], τσέπη [ˈtsɛpi], κοτσάνι [koˈtsani], κουτσός [kuˈtsɔs], τσατσάρα [tsaˈtsaɾa]
                        τζάμι [ˈtzami], τζάνερο [ˈtzanɛɾɔ], τζόγος [ˈtzɔɣɔs], τζίτζικας [ˈtzitzikas], γάντζος [ˈɣantzɔs], νεράντζι [nɛˈɾantzi]

The Combinations αυ and ευ

The combinations αυ and ευ occur initially and medially and have a double pronunciation:

a)      they are pronounced [av] and [ɛv] respectively before vowels and voiced consonants, for example:

αναυάγιο [anaˈvajɔ], παύω[ˈpavɔ], αυγό [avˈɣɔ], αύριο [ˈavɾiɔ], θαύμα [ˈθavma]
ευαγγέλιο [ɛvaˈŋgɛliɔ], δουλεύω [ðuˈlɛvɔ], ευγενής [ɛvˈjɛnis], εύνοια [ˈɛvniaɾɔ], νεύρο [ˈnɛvɾɔ], γεύμα [ˈjɛvma]

b)      they are pronounced [af] and [ɛf] respectively before voiceless consonants, for example:

αυθάδης, [avˈθaðis] ναυπηγός, [nafpiˈɣɔs] αυτός, [afˈtɔs] αυξάνω, [afˈksanɔ] αυστηρός [afˈstiɾɔs]
ευθύνη, [ɛfˈθini] εύκολος, [ˈɛfkɔlɔs] δεύτερος, [ˈðɛftɛɾɔs] ευχάριστος, [ɛfχaɾiˈstɔs] ευπρόσδεκτος [ɛfˈpɾɔsðɛktɔs]

Note: In orthography, both in accentuation and syllabification, the combinations αυ and ευ are considered digraphs and bear the stress mark over the second vowel of the combinations, for example αύριο, εύζωνας, φεύγω.

The Nasal Clusters -μπ-, -ντ-, -γκ-, -γγ-, -γχ-

1.)    The nasal clusters -μπ-,-ντ-, -γκ-, -γγ-, -χκ-

a.       They occur only medially and represent the clusters [mb], [nd], and [ŋg] respectively:

λάμπα [ˈlamba], αμπέλι [aˈmbɛli], κουμπί [kuˈmbi], θαμπός [θaˈmbɔs], μπόμπα [ˈbɔmba], γαμπρός [ɣaˈmbɾɔs]
πάντα [ˈpanda], πέντε [ˈpɛndɛ], μαντείο [maˈndiɔ], τεντώνω [tɛˈndɔnɔ], αντλία [andˈlia]
αγκάθι [aˈŋgaθi], αγκαλιά [aŋgaˈʎa], εγκώμιο [ɛˈŋgɔmiɔ], εγκαίνια [[ɛˈŋgɛɲa], έγκριση [ˈɛŋgɾisi]

b.      They may be pronounced as [mp], [nt], and [ŋk] respectively, mostly in foreign words or in certain words of learnt origin when they are followed by a voiceless consonant, primarily by [t]:

κομπλιμέντο [kɔmpliˈmɛntɔ], τέμπλο [ˈtɛmplɔ], κομπρέσα [kɔmˈpɾɛsa], άμεμπτος [ˈamɛmptɔs], σύμπυωση [ˈsimptɔsi], λάμψη [ˈlampsi], but λάμπω [ˈlambɔ]
μέντα [ˈmɛnta], αντίκα [anˈtika], τσιμέντο [tsiˈmɛntɔ], κόντρα [ˈkɔntɾa], εντράβες [ɛnˈtɾavɛs]; κάντε [ˈkantɛ]
κογκάρδα [kɔˈŋkaɾa], μπάγκος [ˈbaŋkɔs]; ελεγκτής [ɛlɛŋˈktis], άτεγκτος [ˈatɛŋktos], Φραγκφούρτη [fɾaŋkˈfuɾti], Ουάσιγκτον [uˈaɔsiŋktɔn]

c.       The nasal cluster -γγ- occurs medially and may represent the sound [ŋg]:

φεγγάρι [fɛˈŋgari], άγγελος, [ˈaŋgɛlɔs] έγγονας [ˈɛŋgɔnas], αγγλικά [aŋgliˈka], γάγγραινα [ˈɣaŋgɾɛna]

It may also represent the sound [nɣ] in certain words, usually in words of learnt origin:

έγγαμος [ˈɛnɣamɔs], εγγράμματος [ɛnˈɣɾamatɔs], συγγραφέας [sinɣɾaˈfɛas]

d.      The nasal cluster -γχ- occurs medially and represents [ŋχ]:

εγχώριος [ɛŋˈχɔɾiɔs], έλεγχος [ˈɛlɛŋχɔs], συγχαρητήρια [siŋχaɾiˈtiɾia], σύγχρονος [ˈsiŋχɾɔnɔs]

Complete Set of the Pronunciation of Digraphs

Despite their difference in pronunciation, τζ is pronounced the same way as τς by many native speakers.  To get a clearer picture as to what the υ in αυ and ευ is pronounced, the υ is pronounced as an [f] unless followed by a vowel, β, γ, δ, μπ, ντ, γκ, τζ, μ, ν, and ρ, in which case it is pronounced as [v].

DOUBLED CONSONANTS

Doubled consonants letters in Modern Greek do not represent double consonant phonemes as they used to in Ancient Greek.  Except for –γγ-, all other doubled consonants are pronounced as if they were single consonants:

Σάββατο [ˈsavatɔ], έκκληση [ˈɛklisi], μέταλλο [ˈmɛtalɔ], γράμμα [ˈɣɾama], σύννεφο [ˈsinɛfɔ], παππούς [paˈpus], θάρρος [ˈθαɾɔs], γλώσσα [ˈɣλɔsa], ελάττωμα [ɛˈlatɔma].

Doubled consonant letters don’t generally occur before another consonant, except when they are preceded by the preposition εκ:

αγγέλλω but παραγγέλνω, αποστέλλω but αποστέλνω, κολλώ but κολνώ
εκκλησία, εκκρεμής

It should be noted that the pronunciation of certain doubled consonants may represent a longer sound than that of the corresponding single consonants, or it may involve two separate articulations, primarily in some compound words or at word boundaries for emphasis or clarification, as in εκκεντρικός [ɛk-kɛntɾikɔs], παλλαϊκός [pal-laiˈkɔs], υπερρωμαντικός [ipɛɾɾɔmantiˈkɔs] etc, or as in της ζωή [tiz-zɔˈis], δικός σας [ðiˈkɔs-sas], τους σπόρους [tus-ˈspɔɾus], τους στέλνουν [tus-ˈstɛlnun].

SILENT LETTERS

Some letters are not pronounced in certain combinations:

a.       The letter υ of the combination ευ is usually silent when ευis followed by φ or β:

ευφυής [ɛfiˈis], εύφλεκτος [ˈɛflɛktɔs], Εύβοια [ˈɛvia]

b.      A consonant letter is pronounced as single

ελληνικά [ɛliniˈka], γενναίος [jɛˈnɛɔs]

c.       The letter π is frequently silent in the cluster –μπτ-:

άμεμπτος [ˈamɛm(p)tɔs], σίμπτωμα [ˈsim(p)tɔma]

ACCENT

THE POLYTONIC AND MONOTONIC SYSTEMS OF ACCENTUATION

The writing system of Demotic Greek used to employ to employ mainly to accent marks: the acute accent mark (΄), placed on one of the last three syllables of a word (λαός, γράφω, δύναμη, τηλεφώνημα), and the circumflex (^~), used only on one of the two last syllables of a word (μιλῶ, κῆπος, γραφεῖο); a third accent, the greave (`), place only on the last syllable of a word (τὸν, καὶ, αυτὸς) already been out of use , appearing occasionally in print.

In addition, there were two breathing marks, the smooth breathing mark (’) and the rough or hard breathing mark (‘), which were placed on the initial place of a word, for example, ἰδεα, ἕργο, ὦμος, ἁμάξι, ὅμως, αἷμα.

In 1982, by Presidential decree, the polytonic system of accentuation was replaced by a new accentuation system, the monotonic.  This system has one accent mark, the acute accent, and abolishes the other two accent marks and the breathing marks.

ACCENTUATION RULES

1.      Breathing marks are no longer employed in the Modern Greek writing system.

2.      There is one accent mark, the acute accent (΄), which serves to mark the stressed syllable of word.

3.      Every Greek word consisting of two or more syllables bears an accent mark, which may occur on any the last three syllables of the word, i.e. on the ultima, the penult, or the antepenult.  No Greek word is accented beyond the antepenult:

                        βουνό, αδερφός, φωτιά; γράφω, βιβλίο; Θάλασσα, άπιαστος, κυβέρνηση, χιλιόμετρο.

It should be noted that:

a.       disyllabic words losing a syllable because of elision or apocope retain their accent mark, even though they appear to be monosyllabic:

                        λίγο από όλα – λίγ’απ’όλα, είναι ανάγκη – είν’ανάγκη
                        φέρε το – φέρ’το, άσε τον – άσ’τον

b.      a verb form losing its accented initial syllable because of aphaeresis remains unaccented; the lost accent mark is not transferred over the word that precedes it:

                        μου έφερε – μου’φερε, του έδειξα – του’δειξα
                        μου είπε - μου’πε, που είναι – που’ναι

4.      The vowel letter is placed over the vowel-letter of a syllable, e.g. χαρά, μήλο, κτίριο; over the vowel-letter representing syllabic vowel of a diphthong, e.g. νεράιδα, ρόιδι, δεκαριά, δόσμος; or over the second vowel-letter of a digraph or of the combination αυ and ευ, e.g. κουδούνι, καίω, είναι, αδελφοί; αύριο, φεύγω.

If an initial capital vowel-letter is accented, the accent mark is placed on the upper left of the capital letter, for example:

                        Άννα, Έφεσπς, Όλυμπος, Ύδρα.

If an accented mark occurs over the initial capital digraph or the combinations αυ and ευ, the accent mark is placed over the second vowel of the digraph or the combination, for example:

                        Αίγινα, Οίτη, Αύγουστος, Εύα.

Note: The accent mark does not always remain on the same syllable of a word, but it may move to another syllable within the word, depending on its inflectional form, for example:

                        μάθημα, μαθήματος, μαθημάτων; έδαφος, εδάφους; πληρώνω, πλήρωσα, πληρωνόμαστε.

5.      No accent mark occurs over words spelt only in capital letters:

                        ΕΛΛΑΔΑ, ΑΓΓΛΙΑ, ΚΑΝΑΔΑΣ, ΒΡΑΖΙΛΙΑ

6.      Monosyllabic words no not bear an accent mark.  The following monosyllabic words are exceptions and bear an accent mark:

a.       the unemphatic personal pronoun forms μου, σου, του, της, etc. when it is necessary to indicate that they are not enclitics.

                  Η δασκάλα μού έφερε δώρο-The teacher gave me a present
                  Η δασκάλα μου έφερε δώρο-My teacher gave a present

Otherwise, these personal pronoun forms are not accented, as in the following examples:

      Ο μπαμπάς μου μου μιλάει-My dad is talking to me
      Η γλώσσα μας μας αρέσει-We like our language
      Γιατί μου κολάς-Why are you bothering me
      Μην του το δώσεις-Don’t give it to them

b.      the interrogative adverb πού ‘where’, in direct and indirect questions, to be distinguished from the relative pronoun or adverb που ‘who, which, that, where, etc.’, and from the conjunction που ‘that’:

Πού πήγαν;-Where did they go?
Δεν ξέρω πού πήγαν-I don’t know where they went
Χτυπώ εκεί που πονώ-I hit there where it hurts

c.       the interrogative adverb πώς ‘how’, both in indirect and direct questions, to be distinguished from the conjunction πως ‘that’:

Πώς είστε;-How are you?
Πες μας πώς ήταν το ταξίδι-Tell us how your trip was.
Είπαν πως θα’ρθουν αύριο-They said that there will be coming tomorrow

d.      the disjunctive conjugation: ή ‘or’ to be distinguished from the feminine article η ‘the’:

Το αγόρι ή το κορίτσι-the boy or the girl
Ή η Μαρία ή η Έλενα-either Maria or Helen

e.       the disjunctive conjugation: γιά ‘or’ and the particle γιά expressing exhortation to be distinguished from the preposition για ‘for’:

γιά εσύ γιά εγώ-Either you or me
γιά πες μου-come now tell me
Αυτο ειναι για σένα-This is for you

f.        the demonstrative particle νά ‘here, look’ to be distinguished from the other usages of να ‘to, in order to, that, etc’:

νά με-here I am
νά τος-here he is
νά το μολύβι σου-here is your pencil
νά! Έρχεται το λεωφορείο-Look! The bus is coming.
Θέλεις να πάμε στην αγορά σήμερα;-Do you want to go the market today?
Να πάω;-May I go?

g.       The particle μά introducing an oath to be distinguished from the contrastive conjunction μα ‘but’:

Μά το Θεό-In the name of God
Μά τν αλήθεια-In the name of the truth
Σου το είπα εχτές, μα δε με άκουσες-I told you yesterday, but you didn’t hear me.

h.       The preposition ώς ‘until’ to be distinguished from the adverbial ως ‘as’:

Ήρθανε ώς εδώ-They came up to here
Ήρθα ως επισκεύτης-I came as a visitor

i.         Monosyllabic words when they occur with the verb forms μπω, φγω, βρω, and ‘ρθω, in all persons and numbers, and receive more stress in pronunciation than the verb does:

θά βγω [ˈθavɣɔ] vs. θα βγω [θaˈvɣɔ]
νά μπω [ˈnambɔ] vs. να μπω [naˈmbɔ]
θα τά βρει [θaˈtavɾi] vs. θα τα βρει [θataˈvɾi]
να τού’ρθει [θaˈtuɾθi] vs. να του’ρθει [θatuɾˈθi]

7.      Words accented on the antepenult show a second accent mark on the ultima, if they are followed by and enclitic:

                  Ο πρόεδρος – ο πρόεδρός μας
                  χάρισμα – χάρισμά σου
                  βοήθησε – βοήθησέ τον

If two enclitics follow a verb accented on the penult, the enclitic following the verb also bears an accent mark:

                  Δώσε μού το-Give it to me
                  Φέρε μάς τους-Bring them to us

It should be noted, however, that monosyllabic imperative forms are not accented, even though they may be followed by two enclitics:

                  Πες μου το-Tell it to me
                  Βρες μου το-Find it for me

ENCLITIC AND PROCLITIC WORDS

1.      Enclitics are primarily monosyllabic words which lean for accent on the immediately preceding stressed word and pronounced with it as one phonetic unit.  Enclitic words are mainly unemphatic person pronoun forms μου, με, μας, του, τον etc., τος, τη, το , τοι, τα, and less frequently the disyllabic forms τονε and τηνε:

                        Το δομάτιό μου-My bedroom
                        Πλήρωσέ το-Pay for it
                        Ο γιατρός σας-Your doctor
                        Νά τος-There he is

2.      Proclitics are monosyllabic words which lean for accent on the immediately following stressed word and pronounced with it as one phonetic unit.  Proclitic words are mainly the definite article (ο, η, το, του, της, etc.), the unemphatic personal pronoun forms (μου, με, μας, του, τον etc.), conjunctions και, που, πως, μα, αν, σαν, the prepositions για, με σε, προς, etc:

                        Ο πρόεδρος-the president
                        Της μέρας-of the day
                        Μου άρεσε-I liked
                        Πήγαμε για να το δουμε-We went to see it

PUNCTUATION

The Modern Greek writing system employs a set of punctuation marks and orthographic signs which are essentially similar in both form and function to those which occur in English and other modern languages.  The punctuation marks and signs which occur in Modern Greek are:

·        The full stop or period, η τελεία, (.) is used to show the termination of a sentence.

·        The apostrophe, η απόστροφος, (') is used only when words are abbreviated.  The apostrophe is used when there is elision (for example: μ’έφερε), aphaeresis (for example: μου’φερε), and apocope (for example: φέρ’το).

·        The comma, το κόμμα, (,) is used just as in English. The comma is also used as a decimal point and for parenthesis. One strange usage in Greek is to distinguish ότι (that/which) from ό,τι (whatever).  There are occurrences where ό,τι is written without the comma: ο τι.  In mathematics, the comma and the period switch places in Greek.  For example, 0,5 is a half, while 1.000 is a thousand.

·        Dieresis, τα διαλυτικά, (··) is only placed on ι or υ to show that they don't form a diphthong with the preceding vowel. For example, /αι/ is pronounced as e in egg while, /αϊ/ is pronounced as ai in main. They are used on upper case and lower case letters. The dieresis isn't used when /ι/ or /υ/:

a.       do not constitute a digraph with the preceding vowel, for example, Μιχαήλ

b.      are already preceded by a combination of vowels which is not pronounced by two distinct vowels, for example, θειικός

c.       are preceded by an accented vowel, for example, κορόιδος but κοροϊδεύω.

·        The dash, η παύλα, (-) is used to split up words at the end of a line.

·        The semicolon, η άνω τελεια, (·) is used as in English. It is used for a pause longer than that of a comma but shorter than that of a full stop.

·        The question mark, ερωτηματικό, (;) looks like an English semicolon; however, it is used in place of the English (?).

·        The exclamation mark, το θαυμαστικό, (!) is used to show excitement in a sentence.

·        The colon, η διπλή τελεία, (:) is used as in English. It is also used just before direct speech. For example, Ο Μάρκος είπε: <<σε ευχαριστώ>> (Mark said, "thank you.").

·        The parenthesis, η παρένθεσηη, (()) are used as in English.

·        The ellipsis or suspensions, τα αποσιωπητικά, (...) are used as in English.

·        The hyphen, το ενωτικό, (-) is used, when writing dialogue, to show that another person speaks.  For example:

-Γεια σας παιδιά.
-Γειά σου Αλεξάκι. Τι κάνεις; Καλά;
-Ναι, μωρό μου

·        Sometimes the double hyphen (--) is used as parenthesis.

·        Quotation marks, typically («...») and sometimes ("...") are used to quote.  The latter are used mainly by the Greeks from Cyprus due to l

DIFFERENCES IN PUNCTUATION

Greek punctuation marks are similar to that of English.  Only three signs have different meanings.  The English quotation marks do appear in Greek context.

 

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