Study Shows A Little Anxiety Pays Sometimes Anxiety gets a lot of bad press. Dwelling on negative can lead to chronic stress and anxiety disorders and phobias, but evolutionarily speaking, anxiety holds some functional value. In humans, learning to avoid harm is necessary not only for surviving in face of basic threats ( such as predators or rotten food ) , but also for avoiding more complex social or economic threats ( such as enemies or questionable investments ) . A team of psychologists at Stanford University have identified a region of brain, anterior insula, which plays a key role in predicting harm and also learning to avoid it. In a new study, Gregory Samanez-Larkin and colleagues scanned brains of healthy adults while they anticipated losing money. Adults with greater activation of their insula while anticipating a financial loss were better at learning to avoid financial losses in a separate game several months later. Conversely, participants with low levels of insula activation had a harder time learning to avoid losses and lost more money in game as a result. For these subjects, higher levels of insula activation helped them to learn to avoid losses months later. However, researchers have found that excessive insula activation might prove problematic. Previous research has shown that people who are chronically fearful and anxious have abnormal patterns of insula activation. So, while people with excessive insula activity are at risk for psychological disorders like anxiety and phobias, higher levels of insula activation in normal range may allow people to avoid potentially harmful situations. The findings, which appear in April issue of Psychological Science , a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, point toward an optimal level of anxiety. While a healthy amount of anxiety grants some survival value, too much may lead to excessive worry and clinical conditions. This may help to explain why anxious traits persist in humanity's genetic endowment, even as environmental threats vary over ages. Author Contact: Gregory Samanez-Larkin -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - Psychological Science is ranked among top 10 general psychology journals for impact by Institute for Scientific Information. Article " Individual Differences in Insular Sensitivity During Loss Anticipation Predict Avoidance Learning " Source: Catherine West Association for Psychological Science
|
Relpax information. Relpax: uses Relpax is used to treat migraines when they occur. It helps to relieve headaches, pain, and other symptoms of migraines, including nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light/sound. Prompt treatment allows you to get back to your normal routine and may decrease your need for other pain medications. Relpax does not prevent future migraines or reduce how often we may get a migraine.
Relpax belongs to a group of drugs called " triptans. " Migraines are thought to occur when certain blood vessels in brain become swollen ( dilated ) . Relpax works by helping blood vessels in brain to return to normal size. It may also block pain signals in brain. Relpax: how to use Read the Patient Information Leaflet available from your pharmacist before we start using Relpax and each time we get a refill. Ask your doctor or pharmacist if we have any questions.
Your dosage is based on your medical condition and response to treatment.
Take Relpax by mouth, with or without food, at first sign of a migraine as directed by your doctor. If there is no improvement in your symptoms, don't take any more doses of Relpax before talking to your doctor. If your symptoms are only partly relieved, or if your headache comes back, we may take a second dose after 2 hours or as directed by your doctor. Don't take more than 2 doses in a 24-hour period. For the Canadian product: according to drug manufacturer, don't take more than 40 milligrams in a 24 hour period.
If we have certain conditions that increase your risk of heart disease and we have never taken Relpax before, we may need to be monitored for rare but serious side effects ( e. g. , chest pain ) when we take first dose. Your doctor may ask we to take the first dose in office. See Precautions section for more information.
Tell your doctor if your condition doesn't improve or if it worsens. Relpax: side effects Tingling/numbness, nausea, weakness, drowsiness, or dizziness may occur while use Relpax. If any of these effects persist or worsen, tell your doctor or pharmacist promptly.
Remember that your doctor has prescribed Relpax because he or she has judged that benefit to we is greater than risk of side effects. Many people using Relpax don't have serious side effects.
Tell your doctor immediately if any of these unlikely but serious side effects occur:
Pain/pressure/tightness in chest/neck/jaw can occur shortly after using Relpax. These side effects are usually not serious. However, you mayn't be able to tell them apart from a rare but very serious reaction related to a lack of blood flow to heart, brain, or other parts of the body. Therefore, seek immediate medical attention if you notice any of these unlikely side effects:
Relpax may rarely cause a very serious condition called serotonin syndrome. The risk increases when Relpax is taken with certain other drugs such as other " triptans " used to treat migraine headaches ( e. g. , sumatriptan, zolmitriptan ) , certain antidepressants including SSRIs ( e. g. , citalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine ) and NSRIs ( e. g. , duloxetine, venlafaxine ) , or a certain drug to treat obesity ( sibutramine ) . Before taking Relpax, tell your doctor if we take any of these medications. Serotonin syndrome may be more likely when we start or increase dose of any of these medications. Seek immediate medical attention if we develop some of following symptoms:
A very serious allergic reaction to Relpax is rare. However, seek immediate medical attention if we notice any symptoms of a serious allergic reaction, including:
This is not a complete list of possible side effects. If we notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist. Relpax: precautions See also How to Use section.
Before taking Relpax, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you're allergic to it; or to other " triptan " migraine drugs ( e. g. , sumatriptan ) ; or if we have any other allergies.
Relpax shouldn't be used if we have certain medical conditions. Before using this medicine, consult your doctor or pharmacist if we have:
Before using Relpax, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of:
Before using Relpax, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you have any condition that increases your risk of heart disease, including:
If we are at high risk for heart disease, your doctor may want to check your heart before prescribing Relpax.
Relpax may make you dizzy or drowsy. Use caution while driving, using machinery, or doing any other activity that requires alertness. Limit alcoholic beverages.
Caution is advised when using Relpax in elderly because they may be more sensitive to its side effects, especially high blood pressure.
During pregnancy, Relpax should be used only when clearly needed. Discuss risks and benefits with your doctor.
Relpax passes into breast milk. Consult your doctor before breast-feeding. Relpax: interactions See also Side Effects section.
Your doctor or pharmacist may already be aware of any possible drug interactions and may be monitoring we for them. Do not start, stop, or change the dosage of any medicine before checking with your doctor or pharmacist first.
Relpax shouldn't be used with the following medication because a very serious interaction may occur while use Relpax:
Because very serious interactions may occur while use Relpax, Relpax should not be used within 72 hours of drugs affecting liver enzymes that remove Relpax from your body ( e. g. , nefazodone, azole antifungals such as ketoconazole, itraconazole, macrolide antibiotics such as clarithromycin, erythromycin, troleandomycin, protease inhibitors such as nelfinavir, ritonavir ) .
Relpax shouldn't be used within 24 hours of following medications because very serious interactions may occur:
If you are currently using any of above medications, tell your doctor or pharmacist before starting Relpax.
Before using Relpax, tell your doctor or pharmacist of all prescription and nonprescription products you may use, especially of:
Tell your doctor or pharmacist if we also take drugs that cause drowsiness such as: certain antihistamines ( e. g. , diphenhydramine ) , anti-seizure drugs ( e. g. , carbamazepine ) , medicine for sleep or anxiety ( e. g. , alprazolam, diazepam, zolpidem ) , muscle relaxants, narcotic pain relievers ( e. g. , codeine ) , psychiatric medicines ( e. g. , chlorpromazine, risperidone, amitriptyline, trazodone ) .
Check labels on all your medicines ( e. g. , cough-and-cold products ) because they may contain ingredients that cause drowsiness. Ask your pharmacist about using those products safely.
This document doesn't contain all possible interactions. Therefore, before using Relpax, tell your doctor or pharmacist of all products we use. Keep a list of all your medications with you, and share list with your doctor and pharmacist.
|
