Chapter 7 - Colours and Dyeing

"As a spinner finishes drawing a spool of thread...he passes it on to the dyers, who tint and dye it. The Weavercrafthall is famous for certain special dyes whose compositions are considered a deep, dark craft secret." (DLG, p135)

Table of Contents

  1. Symbolic colours of holds, halls and Weyrs
  2. The significance of certain colours
  3. Different colours and possible descriptive words
  4. Dyeing terminology
  5. Herbs and dyes: which plants make what
  6. Extracting dyes
  7. Dyeing processes and techniques
    1. General information on the dyeing process
    2. Tie-dyeing
    3. Batik - 'wax writing'
    4. Screen printing
  8. Mordants in the dyeing process

Symbolic Colours of Holds, Halls and Weyrs

Each hold, hall or Weyr on Pern has a distinctive colour or colours which is used to symbolize that particular area. Rank knots for an area will be of these special colours, so that people will know, just by looking at a person's knot, not only what rank they area, but also where they come from. The Pernese also tend to dress in clothing which bears the colours of their home.

The areas and their colours:

Balan Holdazure and deep green
Balen Holdpine-green and peridot-green
Benden Holdviolet and red
Benden Weyrred and black
Big Bay (Igen Sea) Holdbeet-red and golden yellow
Bitra Holddusty red and white
Cove Holdlight green and rich (harper) blue
Crom Holdyellow-gold and light blue
Farmerswhite and golden yellow
Fort Holdbrown and yellow
Fort Weyrbrown and black
Greenfieldsaqua and medium blue
Greystonesviolet or purple and medium blue
Half Circle Sea Holdwhite and medium blue
Harperswhite and rich blue - this blue is so distinctive that it is referred to planetwide as 'harper blue'.
Healerswhite and purple
Herderswhite and yellow
High Reaches Holddark blue and tan
High Reaches Weyrdark blue and black
Igen Holdgolden yellow and bright red
Igen Weyrgolden yellow and black
Ista Gar Holdturquoise and cream
Ista Holdbright orange and white
Ista Weyrbright orange and black
Katz Fieldbeet-red and light green
Keroon Holdgolden yellow, white and peridot-green
Lemos Holdmedium blue and white
Minerswhite and black
Nabol Holdbrown and white
Nerat Holdbright orange and golden yellow
Red Sands Holdsunset red and dark blue
Ruatha Holdbright red and dark brown
Seacrafterswhite and sea-blue
Smithswhite and bright red
South Telgar Holdbright red and medium blue
Southern Boll Holdbright red and white
Southern Holdlight green and emerald green
Southern Weyrlight green, emerald green and black
Starcrafterswhite and bright red
Tannerswhite and sienna-brown
Telgar Holdbright red, white and medium blue
Telgar Weyrblack and white
Tillek Holddark blue and white
Traderswhite and steel-grey
Valley Holdgreen and golden yellow
Vintnerswhite and dark red
Weaverswhite and lavender
Woodcrafterswhite and forest-green


The Signficance of Certain Colours

As is true in RL, there are certain colours on Pern which have certain symbolisms, or which are the traditional colours for certain uses. Those colours which symbolize specific holds, halls or Weyrs are not mentioned here - that is a topic which is covered separately.

On Pern, wearing green is traditionally seen as inviting bad luck. This is no doubt symbolic of the Pernese antipathy to having verdure growing around human settlements, attracting the deadly rain of Thread. For the less superstitious, this is seen as a ridiculous tradition, particularly in light of the fact that green dye is easily obtainable.

Red is the traditional colour of brides on their wedding day, particularly for holderwomen of considerable rank. The traditional dress contains graduated shades of red, as indicated in McCaffrey's novel Dragonquest (p180).

White is the colour which a bride's attendants will wear, as indicated in McCaffrey's novel Dragonquest (p180). It is also the colour of the robes which Candidates wear out onto the sands during a Hatching. White is rarely worn by the majority of the Pernese population since it is so difficult to get clean.

Blue seems to be the traditional colour for a bridegroom to wear on his wedding day, specifically, midnight blue, as described in McCaffrey's Dragonquest (p180). Harper blue is also a very popular colour, as harpering is such a prestigious craft.


Colours and Descriptive Words

General colour adjectives

rich, deep, pale, dark, medium, light, warm, cool, vibrant, soft, delicate, strong, earthy, clear, ghostly, dusty, livid, electric, brilliant, bright

Black

raven, coal, dusky, dingy, murky, inky, somber, swarthy, jet, ebony, pitch-black, Cromcoal, midnight

Blue

Harper, indigo, sapphire, turquoise, lapis lazuli, aquamarine, blue-black, azure, sky, royal, Prussian, navy, powder, baby, cobalt, midnight, twilight, beryl

Brown

tan, bay, chestnut, nutbrown, copper, mahogany, bronze, russet, chocolate, klah, cinnamon, hazel, reddish, sorrel, sepia, tawny, ochre, rust, puce, fawn, liver-coloured, beige, dust, khaki, cocoa, umber, brick, ginger, auburn, buff, toasted, skybroom, cedar, oak, dun, sandy

Green

emerald, blue-green, sage, aquamarine, chartreuse, lime, kelly, apple, bronze-green, yellow-green, bottle, pea, sea, grass, forest, spinach, moss, pine, olive, jade, khaki

Grey

Cromcoal, drab, neutral, dusky, silvery, dingy, somber, shaded, leaden, ashen, blue-grey, smoke, slate, bat, mouse, iron, salt and pepper, cloudy

Orange

apricot, tangerine, burnt, peach, coral, salmon, coral, ocherous, reddish, fiery

Pink

rose, blush, roseate, salmon, shocking, fuscia, wine-rose, sunrise

Purple

Healer, lilac, violet, mauve, heliotrope, magenta, plum, lavender, puce, pomegranate, royal, wine, maroon, twilight

Red

scarlet, carmine, vermillion, crimson, cerise, cherry, ruby, garnet, maroon, brick, claret, rust, coral, blood, russet, terra cotta, bittersweet, hyacinth, magenta, caldron, aniline, rose, redfruit, tomato, fiery, cerulean, angry

White

ivory, snow or snowy, frosted, milk, chalk, pearl, blanched, ashen, stark, silvery, blue-white, bleach, cloud

Yellow

cream, ivory, old ivory, tan, lemon, orange-yellow, saffron, jasmine, tawny, sand, sallow, buff, gold, golden, platinum, carmine, madder, ocher, flaxen, wheat-coloured, fellis-flower, sunlight, fiery


Dyeing Terminology


Herbs and Dyes: Which Plants Make What

Dyes on Pern are extracted from the available flora, and are sometimes augmented by mordants. The following is a list of colours and which plants are used to create them. It should be noted that with the exception of fellis, all the following plants listed are Terran, and it has not yet been determined whether all of them were brought over and successfully adapted to Pernese soil by the original colonists. The Healercraft would have more information on this. Those plants which definitely on Pern are: barberry, onions, indigo, mahonia, blueberry, blackberry, grapes, bloodroot and fellis.

Red dye is obtained from a variety of different plants: lichen, the roots of bloodroot, Lady's Bedstraw, madder, the red flowers of the dahlia and the geranium, the bark of the hemlock tree, the berries of pokeweed, and the fruity protuberances of prickly-pear cactus. Madder is particularly effective.

Blue dyes can be produced from most parts of the indigo plant, the berries of mahonia, the leaves of woad and meadowsweet flowers in the Tillekian valleys.

Green dyes can be produced from a variety of sources, most notably the fellis plant, which produces a deep hue of the colour. Green can also come from the young tops of bracken, the above-ground green part of horsetail, the tops of goldenrod flowers, the berries of ivy when they have turned black, the leaves of privet and Lily of the Valley, and the leaves and tops of nettle and weld.

Yellow dyes come from the twigs of barberry, the bark of black oak, the tips and flowers of brrom, the tops and flowers of tansy, ragwort, St. Johnswort and goldenrod, the outer skins of onions, the tops of Queen of the Meadow, the berries of snowberry, and the leaves and tops (before seeding) of weld. Onion dyes take very fast. Bright gold can be obtained from lichen.

Brown comes from the bark of Big Bud Hickory, the hulls of black walnut, the heartwood and pods of cutch, grey lichen, the needles of larch, woodchips or sawdust of mahogany, the leaves of mountain laurel, the bark of oak and the twigs of pyracanthe. Walnut is particularly effective.

Orange dyes can be gotten from the coreopsis flowers, orange dahlias, certain shellfish from tropical waters, the roots of Lady's Bedstraw and madder, and the outer skins of onions.

Roses, pinks and purples come from blueberries, black currants, black huckleberries, blackberries, elder fruits, sloe fruits and wild grapes.

Black and grey come from the bark of alder, the young tips of blackberry, the berries of buckthorn, the nuts of butternut, the bark of logwood, and the roots of Yellow Flag Iris.


Extracting Dyes

Dyes are extracted by simmering a large quantity of a plant in soft rainwater. Extraction can take from twenty minutes to three hours, depending on the plant, and also what part of the plant is being used. Tender sections, such as flowers and leaves, need less time and will become dull if cooked too long. Tougher sections, such as hard berries and barks may need pounding beforehand, and a longer cooking time to draw out the colour.

Once the dye has been extracted, the liquor must be strained off, and the plant remains thrown away. Let the liquor cool to hand-temperature before adding the material to be dyed. Dyes can be stored for future use in tightly sealed jars in a cool environment.


Dyeing Processes and Techniques

General Information on the Dyeing Process

Tie-dyeing

Tie-dyeing is a kind of resist dyeing, which uses strings tied around the fabric to block the dye and form a pattern. Cotton is very easy to work with. Pounded sisal will have a floating quality.

Before tying, the fabric must be dry and uncreased. All types of string will work, but cotton isn't as resistant as linen or sisal rope. The choice of thread will affect your patterns. Clothes pins or other types of clips can also be used - anything which grips, including knotting or folding the fabric itself. Various combinations of techniques will create lovely and interesting patterns. You can even tie on peas or buttons, or even sew designs into the cloth. Finer stitches can be used for more delicate motifs.

Tritik is a type of tie-dyeing involving stitching. You make a row of stitches using the running stitch, and then pull the thread to gather the cloth as tightly as possible. It's the folds and gathers rather than the thread that prevents the dye from colouring the fabric.

Batik

Batik is a kind of resist dyeing, which uses wax to block the dye and form a pattern. Cloth is partly covered by a coat of wax and then dyed. The waxed portion keeps the cloth's original colour. When the wax is removed, the contrast between the dyed and undyed sections makes the pattern. Cotton and linen are excellent for this process. Pounded sisal is also good - the finer the better. However, cotton may be preferred, because the sheen of fine sisal may obscure the pattern. For intricate work or wall hangings, fine linen or fine cotton is ideal.

The wax is applied hot, so one must work fast when applying it to the cloth. It is necessary to stir the wax frequently with a brush so that it doesn't cool. The material is usually placed on a special frame, where it is tacked to keep it taut. Let the excess wax run off the brush before applying it.

Spontaneous designs can produce surprising effects, just as nice as those designs which have been planned. It is not necessary to be 'artistic' to produce good results in batik. Some of the best effects are created by chance, like the wax accidentally cracking and letting bits of colour in. This is known as 'crackling.'

The dye must be cold since the wax must not be made hot enough to melt. The cloth is then immersed in the dyebath. When finished, it is hung to drip. It should not be rinsed, rather, just wrung dry. If you wish to add more colour, don't remove the wax. When the fabric is dry, pin it to the frame again and wax new areas. These new areas will retain the colour of the original dye, whereas the still unwaxed portions will combine with the new colour.

Screen Printing


Mordants

Some substances act as mordants to improve the colour which is transferred to the fabric. Two of the best are aluminum and iron. Aluminum brightens dyes, while fixing the colour. Iron fixes the colour and darkens it. Iron has a tendency to turn many yellow dyes green.

Aluminum should be added at one part per four parts of fabric to be dyed. The mordanting is done before dyeing. Stir the aluminum well into enough soft rainwater as will cover the fabric to be dyed. Add the fabric. Heat the vessel slowly, taking about an hour to get to the simmering point. Keep simmering gently for another hour, stirring occasionally. Then allow the water to cool. Let the fabric drop over the pot, squeezing gently without wringing or rinsing. Dye the fabric immediately or dry it on a towel and store it.

Iron should be added to the dyebath itself in the last fifteen to thirty minutes of the dyeing. Always lift the fabric out before stirring in the mordant, then replace the fabric and simmer. This will create a deeper and darker tone. Use one part of iron per 32 parts of fabric. Too much iron tends to make the fabric rough. After dyeing, rinse well in warm water to retain the softness of the fabric.


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