Compchron

Comparative History and Chronology: The Old Testament and the Ancient Near East

(with references to ANET and ANEP)

Fall, 2000

*Egypt*	*Syria-Palestine*	*Asia Minor*	*Babylonia*	*Assyria*
Middle Kingdom			Fall of Ur III 2004 ANET 455-463	Old Assyrian Period 2000-1800
12. Dynasty 1991-1785	Israel’s Matriarchs and Patriarchs		Amorite Dynasties of Isin and Larsa
Amenemhet I 1991-1962	Sinuhe 1950 ANET 18-22
Sesostris I 1971-1926			Lipit-Ishtar (1934-1924) Lipit-Ishtar's Law Code ANET 159-161; COS 2, 410-414
Sesostris II 1897-1878 (Beni Hasan Painting ANEP 3, 382-384)			Laws of Eshnunna, 19-18c, COS 2, 332-335 First Dynasty of Babylon 1894-1595	Old Assyrian Kingdom
Sesostris III 1878-1841 conquered Shechem ANET 230
Amenemhet III 1844-1797 ANET 229-230 Execration Texts ANET 328-329; ANEP 385				Shamshi-Adad I 1813-1781 ANET 274
Amenemhet IV 1799-1787 Queen Sobeknefru 1787-1783			Hammurabi 1792-1750 Law Code ANET 163-180, 269-271 ANE 246; ANEP 437; COS 2, 335-353 Hammurabi Law Code Inscriptions: COS 2, 256-258 Samsu-iluna, 1749-1712, Edicts, COS 2, 362-364 Composition of Enuma Elish, Atrahasis, and Gilgamesh Epic. Mari Letters ANET 482-483, 556-557, 623-625, 628-632.	Ishme-Dagan I 1780-1741
13. Dynasty 1783-1650 ANET 554-554			Samu-iluna 1749-1712 ANET 271
14. Dynasty 1720-1648			Ammi-saduqa 1647 ANET 526-528
15. Dynasty 1648-1540 Hyksos ANET 230-234, 554-555 16. Dynasty 1648-1540 17. Dynasty 1648-1552		Hittite Old Kingdom 1650-1500 Hattusili I 1650-1620 Murislis I 1620-1590 1595 conquered Babylon Hittite Laws, 1650-1500, COS 2, 106-119. Hantili I 1590-1560 Zidanta I 1560-1550	Kassite Dynasty 1595-1160
New Kingdom
18 Dynasty
Amose 1552-1527 expelled Hyksos	Idrimi ANET 557-558; ANEP 452	Ammuna 1550-1530 Huzziya I 1530-1525 Telepinu 1525-1500
Tuthmosis I 1507-1494 Tuthmosis II 1494-1490		Six kings 1500-1430		1500 Middle Assyrian Kingdom
Hatshepsut 1490-1469; ANEP 388 Hatshepsut's Temple				Middle Assyrian Laws ANET 180-188; Middle Assyrian Laws (14c) COS 2, 353-360 Middle Assyrian Laws
Thutmosis III 1490-1436 ANET 22-23, 234-245, 373-375, 446-447; COS 2, 7-23; ANEP 312, 313, 387 Thutmosis III statue	1468 Battle of Megiddo ANET 234-238; COS 2, 11-13
Amenophis II 1438-1412 ANEP 390-392		Hittite Empire 1430-1200 Tudhaliya I 1430-1410
Tuthmosis IV 1412-1403 ANE 314-316; ANEP 393		Hattusili II 1410-1400 Tudhaliya II 1400-1390
Amenophis III 1403-1364; ANEP 394-398, 400	Amarna Letters ANET 483-490 Amarna Letter 35	Arnuwanda I 1390-1380 Tudhaliya III 1380-1370 Suppiluliuma 1370-1330 ANET 205-206, 318-319, 529-530; COS 2, 93-95
Amenophis IV 1364-1347 (Akhenaten) ANET 369-371; ANEP 402-412				Asshur-uballit I 1365-1330
Smenkhare 1348-1345
Tutankhamun 1345-1335 ANET 251-252, ANEP 318-319, 413-417, 419 Ay 1335-1332		Arnuwanda II 1330 Mursili II 1330-1295 ANET 203-205, 394-396; COS 2, 82-90, 96-98
Horemheb 1332-1306 ANEP 418				Enlil-nirari 1329-1320 Arik-den-ili 1319-1308 Adad-nirari I 1307-1275
19. Dynasty Ramesses I 1306-1305	Kret Inscription from Ugarit--14c
Seti I 1305-1290 ANET 253-255; ANE 317; COS 2, 23-32; ANEP 320-331, 422		Muwatalli II 1295-1282 ANET 319
Ramesses II 1290-1224 ANET 199-201, 256-258 Papyrus Anastasi ANET 475-479; ANEP 321, 333-339, 420	Battle of Kadesh 1275 ANET 255-256; COS 2, 32-40 Conquest of Joshua 1230?	Urhi-Teshub 1282-1275 Hattusili III 1275-1245 ANET 201-203 Tudhaliya IV 1245-1215		Shalmaneser I 1274-1245 Tukulti-Ninurta I 1244-1208 Tukulti Ninurta I 1244-1208
Merneptah 1224-1204 ANET 258-259, 378 Merneptah Stele (first mention of Israel outside the bible) ca. 1207 ANET 376-378; COS 2, 40-41; ANEP 342-343, 423; Merneptah stela Amenmesse 1204-1200 Seti II 1200-1194 Siptah 1194-1188 Tawosret 1188-1187	Sea Peoples in Palestine	Arnuwanda III 1215-1210 Suppiluliuma II 1210-		Ashur-nadin-apli 1207-1204 Ashur-nirari III 1203-1198 Enlil-kudurri-usur 1197-1193 Ninurta-apil-Ekur 1192-1180

Israel: Tribal Period through United Kingdom

*Egypt*	*Israel*	*Syria and Phoenicia*	*Assyria/Babylonia*
20. Dynasty Setnakht 1186-1184	Izbet Sartah Ostracon
Ramesses III 1184-1152 ANET 260-263; ANEP 344-348			Ashur-Dan I 1179-1134
Ramesses IV 1152-1146 ANET 378-379 Ramesses V 1146-1142 Ramesses VI 1142-1134 Ramesses VII 1134-1133 Ramesses VIII 1133-1126			Ninurat-tukulti-Ashur 1133 Mutakkil-Nusku 1133 Assur-resha-ishi I 1132-1115
Ramesses IX 1126-1107	Battle of Deborah 1120 (Judges 5)		Nebuchadrezzar I 1126-1105 (B) Ashur-resha-ishi I 1132-1115 Tiglath-pileser I 1114-1076 Tiglath-pileser I 1114-1076 (A) ANET 274-275
Ramesses X 1107-1098	Gideon
Ramesses XI 1098-1069 Tale of Wen-Amon ANET 25-29 Smendes 1080-1069			Ashared-apil-Ekur 1075-1074 Ashur-bel-kala 1073-1056
21. Dynasty 1069-945 Smendes I 1069-1043 Pinudjem 1054-1032 Amenemnisu 1043-1039	Samuel		Eriba-Adad II 1055-1054 Shamshi-Adad IV 1053-1050 Ashur-nasir-pal I 1049-1031
	United Kingdom
Psusennes I 1039-991	Saul ca. 1025-05
	Eshbaal 1005-1004		Babylonian and Assyrian weakness 1000-748
	David king at Hebron 1005-998	Ahirom king of Byblos, 1000 BCE, ANET 504-505, 661; ANEP 456-459; COS 2, 181 Yehimilk of Byblos, 950 BCE, ANET 499, 653; COS 2, 146-147
	David captures Jerusalem 998
Amenemope 993-984 Osorkon 984-978 Siamun 978-959	David king at Jerusalem 998-965	Hiram I king of Tyre 980-946 Hadadezer of Zobah	Neo-Assyrian Period 934-610
Psusennes II 959-945 22. Dynasty 945-715	Solomon 965-931/30 Building of Temple 962-955 Yahwist	Rezon son of Eliada of Damascus	Asshur-Dan II 934-912

The Divided Kingdom

*Egypt*	*Judah*	*Israel*	Syria/ Phoenicia/ Trans-Jordan	*Assyria/Babylonia*
Sheshonq I (Shishak) 945-924 ANET 242-243, 263-264; ANEP 349 1 Kgs 14:25-26 Osorkon I 924-889	Rehoboam 931/30-914 926/925 Invasion of Shishak Gezer Calendar ANEP 272 Gezer Calendar	Jeroboam I 931/30-909	Hezion of Damascus
	Abijah 914-911		Tab Rammân of Damascus
Sheshonq 890 Takelot I 889-874 Osorkon II 874-850	Asa 911-870	Nadab 909-908		A: Adad-nirari II 911-891 B: Nabu-shuma-ukin I 895
		Baasha 908-885	Bir-Hadad I of Aram ANET 501	A: Tukulti-Ninurta II 890-884
		Elah 885-884
		Zimri 884		A: Ashur-nasirpal II 883-859 ANET 275-276, 558-560; ANEP 350, 439, 441, 617 B: Nabu-apla-iddina 870
		Battle between Tibni [884-880] and Omri 884-873
		Founding of Samaria 876	Ittobaal of Tyre 873-842	Tell Fakhariyeh Statue Mid 9c
Takelot II 850-825	Jehoshaphat 870-45	Ahab 873-852	Moabite Stone (Mesha rids Moab of Israelite control), 835 BCE, ANET 320-321 ANEP 274 Mesha ; COS 2, 137-138; Ammonite Citadel, mid 9c, COS 2, 139
	Marriage of Jehoram with Athaliah 867	Micaiah Elijah		A: Shalmanezer III 858-824 ANET 276-281; ANEP 351-365, 443, 819, 881-882; COS 2, 261-272 B: Marduk-zakir-shumi I 854-819
		Battle of Qarqar 853 ANET 278-279	Hadadezer of Damascus 853-844
		Elisha
		Ahaziah 852-851
		Elohist
	Jehoram 851-843/42	Joram 851-842/41	Bir-Hadad II of Damascus 844-842
		Amman Citadel Inscription (Ammonite) 9c Amman Citadel Inscription

	Ahaziah 843/42-842/41	Jehu 842/41-815/14	Hazael of Damascus 844-800 Tel Dan inscription [of Hazael?] mentions killing of [Jeho]ram son of [Ahab] king of Israel and [Ahaziah] son of [Jehoram ki]ng of the House of David Tel Dan Inscription or Tel Dan Inscription
	Athaliah 842/41-835	Tribute of Jehu to Shalmaneser III 841 ANET 280-281 Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III
Sheshonq III 825-773 23. Dynasty 818-715 Pedubast I 818-793 Iuput I 804-783	Joash 842/1-802/1 Ashyahu inscription: Just as Ashyahu (Joash) commanded you to give by the hand of Zechariah silver of Tarshish to the House of Yahweh. Three sheqels. 9-7c, COS 2, 174-175 Ashyahu Inscription Widow's Petition		Tell Fekheriye inscription, Hadad-Yith`i, late 9c, COS 2, 153-154 Hazael Booty Inscriptions, 2nd half of 9c, COS 2, 162-163	A: Shamshi-Adad V 823-811 ANEP 442 B: Marduk-balassu-iqbi 818-813 Baba-aha-iddina 812 A: Adad-nirari III 810-783 ANET 281-282 (Joash); ANEP 444; COS 2, 272-277
	Kuntillet `Ajrud: I bless you by Yahweh of Samaria and by his "asherah."	Jehoahaz 819-804/3	Kilamuwa ANET 500-501, 654-55 2^nd half of 9c; Kilamuwa Inscription, 830-820, COS 2, 147-148
Sheshonq IV 783-777 Osorkon III 777-749 25. Dynasty (Napatans-- Kushites) 780-656 Alara 780-760	Amaziah 805/04-776/75	Jehoash 805-790 Tribute of Jehoash to Adad-nirari III 796	Bir-Hadad III of Damascus 800- Zakkur king of Hamath and Luaš, 800 BCE, ANET 501-502, 655-656; COS 2, 155 Melqart Inscription 9-8c COS 2, 152-153 El-Kerak Inscription
Takelot III (23) 754-734 Kashta (25) 760-747 Piye (25) 747-716	Azariah/Uzziah 788/87-736/35 Jotham 758/57-742/41	Jeroboam II 790-750/49 Samaria Ostraca 8 c Balaam Inscription 8 c Amos ca. 760 Hosea ca. 750-725 Zechariah 750/49 Shallum 749	Sefire Treaty between KTK and Arpad mid 8 c, ANET 503-504, 659-661; COS 2, 213-217 Deir `Alla Plaster Inscriptions, mid 8c, COS 2, 140-145	A: Shalmaneser IV 782-773 COS 2, 283-284 A: Assur-Dan III 772-755 B: Eriba-Marduk 770 Nabu-shuma-ishkun 760-748 A: Assur-Nirari V 754-745 B: Nabu-nasir 747-734
Rudamun (23) 734-731 Iuput II (23) 731-720 24. Dynasty 727-715 Tefnakht 727-720	Ahaz 742/41-726 Isaiah Ahaz sends tribute to Tiglath-pileser III (first Judean king mentioned in Assyrian Annals; cf. Tell Dan and Ashyahu Inscriptions) ANET 282 Hezekiah 726-697/96 ANET 321 Hezekiah Hezekiah's seal	Menahem 749-38 Tribute of Menahem to Tiglath-pileser III 740, 738 2 Kgs 15:19 Pekahiah 738-736 Pekah 750?-732/31 Hoshea 732/31-722 ANET 284 (confirmed on throne by Tiglath-pileser III) Conquest of Samaria 722 Second attack on Samaria and exile of inhabitants 720 ANET 284-285	Panamuwa I = Hadad Inscription, mid 8c, COS 2, 156-158 Panamuwa II (died 735-32) Inscription COS 2, 158-161 Barrakib ANET 501, 655; ANEP 281, 460	A: Tiglath-pileser III 744-27 ANET 282-284; ANEP 366, 445; COS 2, 284-292 B: Nabu-nadin-zeri 733-732 Nabu-shuma-ukin II 732 Nabu-mukin-zeri 731-729 A: Shalmaneser V 726-722 A: Sargon II 721-705 ANET 284-287 ANEP 446; COS 2, 293-300 B: Maduk-apla-iddina 721-710 (Merodach-baladan) ANEP 454

The Last Days of Judah and the Babylonian Exile

*Egypt*	*Judah*	*Assyria/Babylonia*
Sheshonq VI (23) 720-715 Bakenrenef (24) 720-715 Shabako (25) 716-702	Hezekiah (cont.) 726-697/96	Rebellion of Philistines in Ashdod 714
Shebitku 702-690 Taharqa 690-664 ANEP 424	Royal Steward Inscription, late 8c, COS 2, 180 Siloam tunnel Inscription, late 8c, ANET 321 ANEP 275; COS 2, 145-146 Siloam Tunnel Inscription Micah Sennacherib’s siege of Jerusalem ANET 287-288 (Hezekiah a prisoner, like a bird in a cage) 701	A: Sennacherib 704-681 ANET 287-288, 301; ANEP 371-374 Sennacherib Prism COS 2, 300-305
Tantamani 664-656	Manasseh 697/96-642/41. Tribute to Esarhaddon in 674 and 668. ANET 291, 294. Ekron Inscription of Akhayus, 680-665, COS 2, 164	Esarhaddon 680-669 ANET 289-294, 302, 303, 449-450, 533-541, 625-626; ANE 447-449; COS 2, 306
26. Saite Dynasty Psammetichus I 664-610	Amon 642/641-640/639 Josiah 640/39-609	Asshurbanipal 668-631 or 627. ANET 294-301, 451, 606; ANEP 450-451. Assyria conquered Thebes in 663 B: Shamash-shum-ukin 667-648, brother of Asshurbanipal, was king of Babylon, and revolted in 652-648. B: Kandalu 647-627
	Zephaniah Jeremiah Ekron Inscription Ketef Hinnom Silver Scroll with Aaronic benediction 7c	A: Ashuer-etel-ilani 630 or 626-623? Neo-Babylonian Empire 626-539 B: Nabopolassar 626-605 (B) ANET 303-305; COS 2, 307-308
	Discovery of Book of the Law (Deuteronomy) 622 Mesad Hashavyahu letter 7 c ANET 568; ANEP 808 Mesad Hashavyahu--Yavneh Yam Ostracon Nahum	Sin-shar-ishkun 622?-612 (A) Ashur sacked 614 Nineveh fell 612
Necho II 610-595	Death of Josiah at Megiddo 609 Jehoahaz 609 Jehoiakim 609-598	Ashur-uballit II 611-609 (A) Harran destroyed 609
		Battle of Carchemish 605
	Nebuchadrezzar campaigns in Syria and Ashkelon; Judah pays tribute Jer 36:9 604 Tell Siran Bottle Inscription (Ammonite) 7/6 c Indecisive campaign of Nebuchadrezzar against Egypt; Judah revolts 601	Nebuchadrezzar II 604-562 ANET 307-308; COS 2, 308-310 Ishtar Gate Inscription Nebuchadnezzar's capture of Jerusalem Neo-Babylonian Laws, COS 2, 360-361
Psammetichus II 595-589 Apries (Hophra) 589-570	Jehoiachin 598 ANET 308 Lachish Letter # 3 Rations for Jehoiachin Arad Ostraca ANET 568-569 First capture of Jerusalem 597-586 ANET 563-564 Zedekiah 597-586 Habakkuk Coalition in Jerusalem against Babylon (Jeremiah 27) 594 Ezekiel Final siege of Jerusalem begins 588 Lachish Letters ANET 321-322 Fall of Jerusalem 586
	Deportation by Nebuzaradan 582
Amasis 570-526	Release of Jehoiachin 561 Deuteronomistic History Obadiah	Amel-Marduk 561-560 Neriglissar 559-556 Labashi-Marduk 556
	Second Isaiah Priestly Writer	Cyrus II 559-530 Persian COS 2, 314-316 Nabonidus 555-539 ANET 305-307, 308-315, 560-563; COS 2, 310-314

Yehud (Post-Exilic Jewish Community

*Egypt*	*Jewish Community*	*Persia*
	Fall of Babylon 539 Edict of Cyrus 538 ANET 315-316 Cyrus Cylinder and Cyrus Cylinder
Psammetichus III 526-525	Return of Jews to Jerusalem (Sheshbazzar)	Cambyses 530-522 Bardiya 522
	Haggai Zechariah 1-8 Zerubbabel and Jeshua Dedication of Temple 515	Darius I 522-486 ANEP 249, 462-463 Behistun Inscription
		Battle of Marathon 490
	Malachi	Xerxes 485-465 ANET 316-317; destroyed Babylon, including Esagila
	Ezra 458? Nehemiah 445-433	Artaxerxes I 464-424/23
Elephantine Letters ANET 222-223, 491-492, 548-549 Passover Papyrus Passover Papyrus Authorization for Temple Reconstruction		Darius II 423-405
	Ezra-Nehemiah Ezra 398?	Artaxerxes II 405-359
	Joel? Jonah?	Artaxerxes III 358-338
	Chronicles	Arses 338-336

Western Control

*Egypt*	*Syria-Palestine*	*Greece-Rome*
	Wadi Daliyeh Papyri	Alexander the Great 332-323
Ptolemies
	Seleucids Antiochus IV Epiphanes
	Daniel Judas Jonathan Simon Founding of Qumran Community? Hasmoneans	Rome rules Palestine 63 BCE
	First Jewish revolt 66-70 CE Second Jewish Revolt 132-135 CE	Rome destroys Jerusalem 70 CE

Notes:

The chronology of the Israelite kings is taken from Gershon Galil, The Chronology of the Kings of Israel and Judah (Leiden: Brill, 1996), p. 147.

The chronology of Egypt and Mesopotamia is taken from Amélie Kuhrt, The Ancient Near East c. 3000-300 BC, 2 vols (London: Routledge, 1995).

ANET = James B. Pritchard, ed. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1955; Supplement 1969)

ANEP = James B. Pritchard, ed. Ancient Near Eastern Pictures Relating to the Old Testament (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 195; supplement 1959)

COS = William W. Hallo, ed., The Context of Scripture. 3 volumes. Leiden: Brill, 1998-2001.

December 7, 2000
Last updated: January 28, 2001

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