Is devoted:

INTRODUCTION

The Quasioptics - boundary area science, covering around questions, intermediate between geometro-optical and diffractional. More precisely speaking, quasioptic is engaged studying and applications phenomena, in which basis lay geometro-optical processes distribution, refraction or reflection very short electromagnetic waves, however in situations, in which wave nature has cardinal value.

Apparently, first focusing diffractional elements were zoned plate of Fresnel, which ability to form image was marked by S.Sore in 1875, and phase zoned plate with rectangular structure, made by R.Wood in 1898. In 1957 G.G.Sljusarev (Russia) has offered modified zoned plate, in which length optical way, connecting object and its image, inside each zone becomes constant, and from zone to zone varies jump on 2p. Research in the field of artificial holograms, synthesized on COMPUTER, have resulted to creation kinoform. In kinoform's optical elements the same as and at fokusators, continuous relief classical optics is replaced explosive: phase function undertakes on module 2p. Work all considered above elements is based on diffractional phenomena. Change optical thickness such elements lays within the limits of length wave radiation. In this sense zoned plate, kinoform, fokusator, elements computer optics etc. is possible to relate to diffractional elements, i.e. to class quasioptical focusing systems, as, according to definition of quasioptics, given by Katselenbaum, they pay off, as a rule, on laws geometrical optics, and principle their work is based on diffractional phenomena. Therefore, in our opinion, all these elements more correctly to determine term elements of diffractional quasioptics.

Feature diffractional elements is much wider class geometrical and wave transformations fields, carried out them in comparison with classical elements and considerably expanding area their practical use, which reach from x-ray range lengths waves up to centimetric, switching and area nonlinear acoustics.

Synthesizing of the elements of diffractional quasioptics, allowing to carry out focussing radiation in given three-dimensional configuration and having frequency - selecting properties, is possible to create new elements integrated optics and element base optical computers, systems optical processing information and spectroscopy, non destructive testing devices and radiovision essential three-dimensional stages, various antenna systems etc.

The Elements of the diffractional quasioptics can be used in various systems, providing traffic safety automobiles, for example, in monitoring systems distance movement or systems prevention collision automobiles, automobile locators, devices reception satellite TV, etc. In similar systems quasioptical elements can be entered in elements design automobile, for example, part cowl, not breaking its design.

Besides diffractional focusing elements can find application as multibeam or scanning radomes in various systems prompting, management and communication, in devices detection weapon and plastic explosives, latent under clothes etc.

Range microwaves occupies intermediate position between ranges radio frequencies f < 10 GHz and optics f > 100000 GHz. Is necessary also to mean decided advantage millimetric waves before others, longer and shorter waves. Being short-wave part radiorange, they provide high spatial sanction, extreme wide strip and high speed all-weather transfer information in free space, minimal sizes antenna systems, maximal orientation, and reserve liaison channel.