|
Domain |
Components |
Comments |
|
Construction equipment |
- Earthworks
- Substructure-below grd.
- Superstructure-above gd
|
Earth moving
Ground structures
Visible structures
|
|
Earthworks |
- Tractors
- Excavators / backhoes
- Front shovels
- Loaders (tract / wheel)
- Trucks (off-highway)
- Graders / scrapers
- Rollers / compactors
- Surveying equipment
- Soil investigation
|
Bulldozers
For below ground ex.
For above gd. hills/cliff
Tractor + front shovel
Heavy V-shaped trucks
Level & grade uneven
Compress / compact gd.
TBM, levels of eq. / str.
Sub-surface exploration
|
|
Substructures |
- Temporary foundations
- Permanent foundations
|
Sheet piles
Strutting systems
Driven R.C. & H piles
Bored R.C. piles
Contiguous bored piles
R.C. diaphragm walls with alternating secant curtains for cohesion
Ground anchors-stability, tie-back, anti-uplifts without services
Excavations, well-graded fill, grouted soil
Below grd. struc., trad. Down-up construction, top-down construction
Unloading, soil relief, increased pore pressure, waterproofing, shells, adjacent settlement
~2m depth, cut-lay-backfill-compact cycle
|
|
Superstructures |
- Visible structures
- Conventional
|
Buildings, bridges, etc.
Bricks, R.C. on-site, labour intensive, longer construction
Precast, Prefab R.C., steel, composites, exotic
|