Simplest: bacteria & blue-green algae --> Kingdom Monera

Kingdom Protista: single-celled protozoa & aglae --> amoeba

Nucleus: oversees all cellular functions --> chromatids (chromosomes) & nucleolus (--> ribosomes --> proteins) --> food materials assimilation + growth & repair

Eucaryotes: distinct nucleus

Procaryotes: before nucleus

Chromosome = DNA + proteins

Nuclear membrane: makes different environments possible inside & outside the nucleus

Cytoplasm: highly organised structures like various organelles, vacuoles

Endoplasmic reticulum: sacs & tubules for transporting compounds inside cell

Mitochodrion: organelle facilitating cellular respiration (cell powerhouse)

Cellular respiration: release of energy thro' breakdown or oxidation of variety of food

materials such as sugars, fat or protein

Golgi bodies: sort out proteins & direct them to the proper destinations

Vacuoles: worker tools with various functions --> e.g. osmotic balance with surroundings --> food vacuoles --> waste vacuoles

Osmotic balance: process of maintaining constant salt concentration thro' water movement

Lysosomes: contains enzymes to break dwon cellular waste

Plasma membrane: semi-permeable surrounding cytoplasm

Phagocytosis: cellular eating

Pinocytosis: cellular drinking

Plant Cells:

Cell walls: made by cellulose --> gives structural rigidity

Chloroplast: contains chlorophyll --> photosynthesis --> sugars + oxygen

Cell reproduction:

chromatid fibres duplicate --> condense --> shorten --> form chromosomes --> nuclear membrance disappears --> chromosomes form homologous pairs --> migrate to opoosite ends (centrioles) of the nucleus --> facilitated by microtubules (cell structural skeletons) --> separates as in mitosis

Cell --> chromosome --> DNA --> gene --> alleles

Cell movements:

By microtubules --> cilia & flagella --> arise from centrioles

Structure:

DNA controls cellular processes by regulating the production of proteins in the cell

Proteins: amino acid chains --> functions