Introduction to numerical Arabic prosody
I have always been attracted to and
fascinated by the Arabic poetry, especially its rhythm, with so distinctive
patterns of sound regularity, I thought there should
be a mathematical description of that rhythm. As briefly as I can, I will try
to present a numeric description of that rhythm and of my work as well in the
following pages
Here are some concepts and some definitions of Arabic sounds:
-pardon the non technical of some of my vocabulary-
·
Vowel letters : there are three vowels ( a,o,e ) each vowel has two periods, a short vowel (v ) = (a,o,e) and a long vowel (V) = (A,O,E).
·
Consonants: (c) the rest of the alphabet.
·
Each consonant is involved in one of two types of
pronunciation: depending on whether it is or not (C).
Ist (c), if followed by a vowel (i.e. but = bat, b
is followed by a short vowel, T is not, man : m is followed by a long
vowel, N is not)
·
Any syllable starts with a consonant
·
The types of syllables and their numerical values
are:
c + v = 1 (ba in
but)
c + V = 2 (mA in
man)
c + v + C= 2 (baT =but )
( c + v ) + (c + V ) = 1+ 2 = 3 {
below = (be = 1) + ( lO = 2 ) } = 3
( c + v ) + (c + v + C ) = 1 + 2 = 3 { come on = (ka = 1)
+( moN = 2)
}= 3
I
·
These syllables come in 8-11 standard groups called tafaeel (tafAEL) or feet
It took me some time to issue the 1st edition of my book on the
subject. It was devoted mainly to the introduction of this concept into Arabic
prosody field, rather than following the probable new horizons which became
feasible as a result of providing the prosody science with this simple tool.
However I have almost finished the 2nd edition which goes much beyond the 1st.
Some of the features are:
·
Direct mathematical expression of the meter ! of any human voice,
consequently of any rhythm.
·
Mathematical representation of poetry rhythm,
graphically as well.
·
Prediction of new acceptable rhythms from
mathematical analogues.
·
The ratio ( 2+3 ) / ( 2 +3 ) often reflects
the internal music of poetry. The higher the value the stronger and faster the
implication is.
·
Some - I would say- discoveries explaining some aspects
of the marvelous beauty of Quran.
·
Aware of the three types of prosody
:quantitative, syllabic and stressed, I think this tool is capable of
handling all of them, taking into consideration the difficulties in the case of
the stressed poetry which requires certain additions and modifications.
·
Expressing
music numerically.
·
The ease this method renders for comparative
multilingual prosody.
·
It can be utilized to express different dialects and
stresses of the same language:
Had
you seen him = hA/D/
yO /seneM =2C23
Had you seen him = haD/ yosE/N/ heM =2 3 C 2 (hem: e includes i )
Had you
seen him = haD/
yO/ sE/N/
heM= 2 2
2 C 2
Come on = ka /moN= (c + v)/ (c+ v + C) = 1 / 2 ≡ 1+ 2
= 3
Come on = ka/ mO/N= c+v / c + V + C = 1 / 2/ C
≡
1 + 2 +C = 3 + C
I discovered that the fist people who used the numerical values (1
and2) in this sence where the ancient Indians. After
almost finishing my book I found a book in Arabic using (1 and 2) in the same
since but in a static manner that stops far beyond the above limits.
I am looking forward to a chance that enables me to elaborate further
on the applications of this approach.
Please find:
1-
Application on Arabic verse in Latin letters.
2-
Numerical representation of certain English verse lines
as perceived by an Arab.
3-a letter I sent to somebody about the subject.
4-some mathematical and graphic
representation of certain poem lines.
Some Arabic
sounds don’t exist in English. Usually two characters express each such sound.
Since the numerical value of any syllable in Arabic is equal to the number of
consonants and long vowels (A,O,E). Bearing in mind
that (e) and (i) are the same, short vowels (a,o,e) don’t count in this regard, perhaps because the
period each takes to be pronunced is very short ,they
are considered as mere description of the consonants that invariably precedes
each of them, A mathematical analogy is
the plus and minus signs (+,-) before figures,. thus
they are important albeit they have no numerical value. Trying to keep the same
criteria in English I colored the short vowels in green as an indication that
they should not be counted, and suggested to represent each of the Arabic
sounds which does not have an English similar by a single letter as described herebelow.
:
Arabic |
representation |
examples |
||
in use |
suggested |
Latin letters |
Arabic letters |
|
Ã/ÇáåãÒÉ |
'a |
 , â |
ÂaN/toM
=2/2=22 |
ÃóäúÊõãú= 22 |
Ë |
th |
Y, y |
yA/ba/ra =211 |
ËÇÈóÑó= 112 |
Í |
h |
H
, h |
MohaM/madoN =33 |
ãõÍóãøóÏñ=ãõÍóãú ãóÏõäú= 33 |
Î |
kh |
K
, k |
ÂaL/kaY/lo= 221 |
ÃóáúÎóíúáõ=122 |
Ð |
th , z |
Z
, z |
ZA/le/ka 211 |
Ðáßó=ÐÇáößó =112 |
Ô |
sh |
Ŝ ,ŝ |
ŝamA/laN=32 |
ÔãÇáÇð=ÔãÇ/ áóäú=23 |
Õ |
s |
S
, s |
SO/raH =22 |
ÕõæÑóåú= 22 |
Ö |
dh |
D
, d |
ÂD/dA/do=221 |
ÃáÖøÇÏõ=122 |
Ø |
t |
T
, t |
MatA/roN=32 |
ãØÇÑñ =ãØÇ Ñõäú=23 |
Ù |
dh |
Đ , đ |
â abO/đabeY |
ÃÈæÙÈúíßÃÈæ ÙóÈöíú=33 |
Ú |
'a |
A
, a |
a alema= 111 |
Úóáöãó =111 |
Û |
gh |
G , g |
goR/faH=22 |
ÛõÑúÝóåú=ÛõÑúÝóåú22 |
You notice:
1.
Every capital letter is an end of a sylable
2.
There are two types of capital letter syllable ends;
1st: consonant, example L :(kill=;keL
=2)= (haL=2) ,( âamaL =3)
2nd: long vowel, example O:(no=nO=2): (you=yO=2) ,( âakO =3)
3
Any (consonant +short vowel)=1.
If not followed by consonant will stay as such.
4
Every two consonants are separated by a vowel letter
5
All words start with consonants.
6
The numerical value of each syllable is the number
of its consonant letters and long vowels. The short vowels are not counted.
Following is a
translation of an Arabic lyric from (http://www.shira.net/billadhi.htm)
Billadhi askara
min 'arf el-lama ÈÇáÐí ÃÓßÑ
ãä ÚÑÝ Çááãì
The one who intoxicates by the scent of her dark lips
Kulla ka'sin
tahtasihi wa habab ;
ßá
ßÃÓ ÊÍÊÓíå æÍÈÈ
Each cup she sips, and the
pearl-like teeth
Walladhi kahhala
jafnayka bima æÇáÐí ßÍá ÌÝäíß ÈãÇ
The one who has darkened your eyelids with kohl
Sajada-sse'eru ladayhi
wa-qtarab ÓÌÏ ÇáÓÍÑ áÏíå æÇÞÊÑÈ
Magic bowed down toward him and got close
Walladhi ajra
dumu'i andama æÇáÐí
ÃÌÑì ÏãæÚí ÚóäÏãÇ
And the one who made my tears flow like red dye
Indama a'ratta
min ghayri sabab ÚöäÏãÇ ÃÚÑÖÊ ãä ÛíÑ ÓÈÈ
When you shunned me for no reason
Di 'ala sadri yayumnaka fama ÖÚ Úáì ÕÏÑí íãäÇß ÝãÇ
Put your right hand on my breast
Ajdara-l-ma'a bi-itfa el-lahab ÃÌÏÑ ÇáãÇÁ ÈÅØÝÇÁ ÇááåÈ
It is more suitable than water to put out the flames.
Following are some English well known words and phrases to facilitate
the comprehension of the way in which Arabic prosody and pronunciation are
expressed. Notice that the number representing any syllable is equal to the
count of its letters minus short vowels.
q
strong = STroNG= STrõNG =
CC/cvC/C=CC2C
q
what is it?= wa/tisiT =cv/cvcvC== wó /tösötú= 13
q
let it go = letiTgO = lötötú/go =cvcvC/cV= 3 /2 = 32
q
so what = sO /waT= sO/wó T= cV/cvC= 22
q
this = z i S = zö S = cvC=2
q
three = YrE = CcV=C2
2or 1 |
3=1+2 |
2 |
2 or 1 |
3 = 1+2 |
2 or 1 |
2 or 1 |
3= 1 +2 |
Èöáú |
áÐí |
ÃÓú |
ßó Ç |
Ñóãöäú |
ÚóÑú |
Ýöáú |
áãì |
biL |
la / z E |
â aS |
ka (A® a) |
ra/meN |
aa R |
feL |
lamA |
bö lú |
lóze |
â ósú |
ók |
rómönú |
aórú |
fölú |
lóma |
ßõáú |
áóßóÃú |
Óöäú |
ÊóÍú |
ÊóÓí |
åí |
æ Ç |
ÍóÈóÈú |
koL |
la/ka |
se N |
ta H |
ta/ sE |
hE |
wa (A®a) |
ha/ba B |
kõlú |
lókó âú |
sönú |
tóhú |
tóse |
he |
wó |
hóbóbú |
æóáú |
áóÐí |
ÃóÌú |
Ñì |
Ïõãæ |
Úí |
Úóäú |
ÏóãÇ |
waL |
la / z E |
âaJ |
rA |
domO |
aE |
aaN |
damA |
wólú |
lóze |
âjú |
rA |
dõmo |
aE |
aónú |
dóma |
Úöäú |
ÏóãÇ |
ÃóÚú |
ÑóØú (ÖßØ) |
Êóãöäú |
Ûóíú |
Ñö |
ÓóÈóÈú |
aeN |
damA |
âaA |
raT |
tameN |
gaY |
re(E®e) |
sabaB |
aönú |
dóma |
âóaú |
rótú |
tómönú |
góyú |
rö |
sóbóbú |
Predominantly each line of Arabic verse consists of
two equal parts with a compulsory caesura between them At
the end of the second half comes the rythm colored in
yellow in the above example. Refering to the last
line, it consists of the following the same applies to any verse(from
right to left):
1-
-B = the last capital letter
(consonant or vowel),
2-
-Y =the capital letter
before the last
3-
resaba = what ever lies between the
last two capitals.
4-
ga = the two small letters (consonant
followed by vowel) preceding Y , the capital before the last.
As in figures 1 and 2 , Arabic verse is easily
expressed in various graphical forms. An example is the previous verse where
its scansion (1st half of first line 2 3 2 1 3 2 2
3:
The red background
represents the typical syllables or syllable groups (feet), where as the blue
columns represent the actual verse where -as permitted- a (2=kA) became (1=ka)
The beauty of a certain
rhythm is reflected in the representation of the scansion of half a line or one
line on a web graph.
This shape represents the two halves of the
1st line, the red is the typical where all syllables
are twos and threes. The blue represents the real verse were two twos were
replaced by one for each.
Following are some points showing the use and importance of this
method:
1.
It makes computer analysis applicable to poetry
rhythm, and with proper programming makes feasible computerized poem writing.
2.
It makes possible the translation of poetry from one
language to the other in a poetic form.
3.
It facilitates teaching metrical patterns to
youngsters and adults.
4.
It can be used to analyze the characteristics of
pronunciation of various languages and dialects.
5.
It might have application in other fields, music for
instance.
6.
In Arabic, certain ratios between certain
rhythm-representing figures are parameters of the internal music. The auther expects that further computer analysis may reveal
thump prints for various poets.
7.
It reveals new patterns that may be looked upon as
new longer types of feet, which could not be detected without being numerically
represented.
8.
Applying this method in a certain field leads to
new fields (windows)
9.
One chapter in the book explains the numerical and graphicacal representation of musical rhythm.
Application on a multi language scale
requires expertise on each language. Computer programming is needed to widen
the different scopes. Utilization on a larger scale requires the necessary set
up.
Figures 3 and 4
show the graphical web representation of Al_Kamil an
Arabic poetry bahr 11 2 3 11 2 3 11 2 3 .The area between the red and
black lines represents the deviation from the standard mode.