Monetization of Environmental Impacts of Roads
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Abbreviations

AADT annual average daily traffic

AAMA American Automobile Manufacturers Association

ADT average daily traffic

AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome

a.m. ante meridiem, the period from 12 midnight to 12 noon.

APA American Planning Association

AQMP Air Quality Management Plan (British Columbia)

ARFCOM Australian Road Fuel Consumption Model

A$ Australian dollar

BaP benzo(a)pyrene

B.C. British Columbia

BCEAA British Columbia Environmental Assessment Act

BCRC British Columbia Research Corporation

BECA Beca Carter Hollings and Ferner

BOD biological oxygen demand

Br bromine

BTCE Bureau of Transport and Communications Economics (Australia)

C carbon

C$ Canadian dollar

CASA Clean Air Strategy for Alberta

CBA cost benefit analysis

CCME Canadian Council of Ministers of Transport

CCS Crown Corporations Secretariat (British Columbia)

CFC chlorofluorocarbon

CFCs chlorofluorocarbons

CH4 methane

Cl chlorine

CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

CO carbon monoxide

CO2 carbon dioxide

COD chemical oxygen demand

CORE Commission on Resources and Environment (British Columbia)

COSEWIC Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada

CPPI Canadian Petroleum Products Institute

CRDRE Capital Regional District Roundtable on the Environment (British Columbia)

CWS Canadian Wildlife Service

dB decibel

dB(A) decibel A-weighted

DDT dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

DFO Department of Fisheries and Oceans (Canada)

DKK Danish kroner

DoT Department of Transport (United Kingdom)

DOT Department of Transportation (United States of America)

DNL day-night average level

DPU Department of Public Utilities (Commonwealth of Massachusetts)

DRD Danish Road Directorate

EAP Economic Analysis Project of MoTH

ECMT European Conference of Ministers of Transport

EFTE European Federation for Transport and Environment

EIA environmental impact assessment; economic impact assessment

EMME/2 Equilibre Multimodal, Multimodal Equilibrium (University of Montreal transportation network demand model)

EPA Environmental Protection Agency (United States of America)

ERG Energy Research Group, Inc.

F fluorine

FHWA Federal Highway Administration (United States)

FIM Finnish mark

g gram

GCM Global Circulation Model

GDP gross domestic product

GHG greenhouse gas

GJ gigajoule

GNP gross national product

GSSAA Growth Strategies Statutes Amendment Act (British Columbia)

GVRD Greater Vancouver Regional District (British Columbia)

GVW gross vehicle weight

GWP global warming potential

HC hydrocarbon

HCFC hydrochlorofluorocarbon

HCM Highway Capacity Manual

HFC hydrofluorocarbon

HIPR hot in-place recycling

HOV high occupancy vehicle

HUBAM Highway User Benefit Assessment Model (Transport Canada)

Hz hertz

IEA International Energy Agency

INRETS Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (France)

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

ISOHDM International Study of Highway Development and Management Tools

ITS Institute of Transport Studies (New Zealand)

IVHS intelligent vehicle highway system

J joule

kB kilobyte

kg kilogram

km kilometre

KPMG Peat Marwick Stevenson & Kellogg

kt kilotonne

L litre

LCWCR Louisiana Coastal Wetlands Conservation and Restoration Task Force

LOS level of service

m metre

MAE multiple account evaluation

MAK MAK Engineering

MAU multi-attribute utility

MELP Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks (British Columbia)

MEMPR Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources (British Columbia)

mg milligram

MicroBENCOST Microcomputer Benefit Cost Model (Texas Transportation Institute)

Ministry see MoTH

MJ megajoule

MOBILE motor vehicle emission model (USEPA and Environment Canada)

MoF Ministry of Forests (British Columbia)

MoTH Ministry of Transportation and Highways (British Columbia)

NCHRP National Co-operative Highway Research Program (United States of America)

NEPP National Environmental Policy Plan (the Netherlands)

NO nitric oxide

NO2 nitrogen dioxide

N2O nitrous oxide

NOK Norwegian kroner

NOX nitrogen oxides

NPS non-point source

NPV net present value

NRC National Research Council (Canada and United States of America)

O oxygen

O3 ozone

OCC opportunity cost of capital

ODP ozone depletion potential

ODS ozone depleting substance

OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

OH hydroxyl radical

OTA Office of Technology Assessment (United States of America)

PAH polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

pbm parts per billion

PC personal computer

p.m. post meridiem, the period from 12 noon to 12 midnight.

PM particulate matter

PM2.5 particulate matter smaller than 2.5 m m; fine particulates

ppm parts per million

PV present value

Rendel Rendel Planning and Environmental Appraisal Group, University of East Anglia

ROC reactive organic compound

ROG reactive organic gas

ROW right of way

RSNZ Royal Society of New Zealand

RTEE Round Table on the Environment and the Economy

SACTRA Standing Committee on Trunk Road Assessment (United Kingdom)

SCBA social cost benefit analysis

SCBC Science Council of British Columbia

SCTSP South Coast Transportation System Plan (British Columbia)

SEK Swedish kroner

SENES SENES Consultants Limited (Canada)

SEPA Swedish Environmental Protection Agency

SFU Simon Fraser University (Burnaby, British Columbia)

SKANDIA Skandia Environmental Commission

SNRA Swedish National Road Administration

SOV single occupancy vehicle

SO2 sulphur dioxide

SO4 sulphate aerosol

SOX sulphur oxides

Sypher Sypher:Mueller International (Canada)

t metric tonne

TAC Transportation Association of Canada

TDM transportation demand management

TFA Transportation Financing Authority (British Columbia)

TSM transportation supply management

UBCS User Benefit Cost Spreadsheets

UK United Kingdom

UN United Nations

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme

US United States of America

USA United States of America

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

UV ultra-violet

VKMT vehicle-kilometre travelled

VOC volatile organic compound; vehicle operating cost

VOSL value of statistical life.

WARS Wildlife Accident Reporting System (MoTH)

WCWC Western Canadian Wilderness Committee

WHO World Health Organization

WMO World Meteorological Office

WRI World Resources Institute

WSDOT Washington State Department of Transportation

WTA willingness to accept

WTP willingness to pay

Units and Conversions
 
 

North American Denominations above 1,000
(adopted in this report)

106 = million

109 = billion

1012 = trillion

1015 = quadrillion
 
 
 
 

Metric Unit Prefixes nano (n) = 0.000000001 (one billionth)

micro (m ) = 0.000001 (one millionth)

milli (m) = 0.001 (one thousandth)

centi (c) = 0.01 (one hundredth)

deci = 0.1

deca (d) = 10

hecto (h) = 102

kilo (k) = 103

mega (M) = 106

giga (G) = 109

tera (T) = 1012

peta (P) = 1015
 
 
 
 

Common Unit Equivalents

Length

1 kilometre (km) = 0.621 mile (mi)

1 metre (m) = 39.4 inches (in.)

1 inch (in.) = 2.54 centimetres (cm)

1 foot (ft) = 0.305 metre (m)

1 yard (yd) = 0.914 metre (m)

Area 1 hectare (ha) = 10,000 square metres (m2)

1 acre (ac) = 43,560 square feet (ft2)

1 hectare (ha) = 2.471 acres (ac)

Volume 1 litre (L) = 0.2200 US gallon (US gal)

1 litre (L) = 0.2642 imperial gallon (gal)

1 cubic metre (m3) = 35.3 cubic feet (ft3)

1 barrel (bbl) = 190.9 litres (L)

Mass 1 kilogram (kg) = 2.20 pounds (lb)

1 tonne = 1,000 kg

1 ton (t) = 2,000 pounds (lb)

Energy and Power 1 horsepower = 7.457 kilowatts (kW)

1 megajoule (MJ) = 0.2778 kilowatt-hour (kWh)

1 calorie (cal) = 4.186 joules (J)

1 kilojoule (kJ) = 0.9481 British thermal unit (Btu)

1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) = 3,413 British thermal units (Btu)

Approximate energy contents of fuels 1 m3 natural gas (British Columbia) = 39.10 MJ

1 kg natural gas (British Columbia) = 54.01 MJ

1 litre of diesel fuel = 38.68 MJ

1 litre of gasoline fuel = 34.66 MJ

Temperature Conversions Fahrenheit (° F) to Celsius (° C): ° C = (° F - 32.0)/1.80

Celsius (° C) to Fahrenheit (° F): ° F = (° C ´ 1.80) + 32.0

Carbon to Carbon Dioxide Mass Equivalents 1 kg carbon dioxide = 0.2727 kg carbon

1 kg carbon= 3.676 kg carbon dioxide
 

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Last Update October 7, 2001
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