ichard I, Coeur de Lion (1157-99), king of England. On his accession (1189) he devoted all his efforts to raising money to enable him to go on a crusade. He sailed for the East, December, 1190. In June, 1191, he arrived at Acre, where he met Philip of France. Richard’s energy and prowess contributed to the capture of Acre, and having defeated the Saracens at Arsuf, he arrived within a few miles of Jerusalem. But in January, 1192, he was forced to retreat. On his way home he was made prisoner by Leopold, Duke of Austria, who handed him over to the Emperor Henry VI, and it was not till 1194 that he was released on payment of a ransom. After Richard’s arrival in England (1194) John was easily reduced to submission. Richard was killed while attacking Chaluz. See Archer’s The Crusade of Richard I (1889). [The Home University Encyclopedia, 1946]

Notes on Richard I, King of England
Richard was born in Oxford and while an infant, he was betrothed to a daughter of the French king Louis VII. In 1172 he was given the Duchy of Aquitaine in France, his mother’s inheritance. He grew up in Acquitaine speaking French and Provencal; he had little English. His early years of manhood were spent in warring against his Father to protect his own interests. He emerged a brilliant soldier. In 1189 at the age of 26, he became King of England, and in effect the most powerful ruler in Western Europe. His empire stretched from part of Scotland to the Pyrenees. Shortly thereafter set out on the Third Crusade, initially accompanied by the young Philip II, King of France, son of Louis VII. The Crusade proved a failure almost from the start, mainly because of the lack of harmony between the two kings. In Sicily, Richard quarreled with Philip and refused to marry Philip’s sister as planned. Instead he married Berengaria of Navarre on Cyprus, which he conquered in 1191. After capturing Acre from the Saracens that same year, Richard executed 2,700 Muslim prisoners of war. It was Richard’s personal valor in the Holy Land, however, rather than his ruthlessness, that made his name famous in legend. Conflict over policy in the Holy Land resulted in a break between the two, and Philip returned to France alone. Richard spent months in indecisive contests against Saladin, Sultan of Egypt and Syria, before making a truce by which Jerusalem was left in Saladin’s hands. However, he retained the coastal strip of Palestine, which remained in crusader hands for the next century. Captured en route to England by Leopold V, Duke of Austria (1157-94), Richard was handed over to Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. He was released in 1194 only after paying a heavy ransom (£20,000 - raised voluntarily in England and a similar amount from Normandy). Richard returned to England and there made peace with his brother, John, who in his absence had been conspiring with Philip to usurp the English throne. Leaving the government of England to the care of the able administrator Hubert Walter, Archbishop of Canterbury (died 1205), Richard went to France in 1194 to wage war against the French king. Campaigns in defense of his European lands continued for five years. Victor in most of the warfare in which he engaged, Richard was fatally wounded by a crossbow bolt during an insignificant skirmish in 1199. He was succeeded by his brother, "Bad" King John. As King, Richard had chosen able ministers, to whom he left most matters of administration. Under his rule, however, England suffered heavy taxation, levied to support his expeditions. Sometimes cruel, sometimes magnanimous, and always courageous, Richard was well versed in the knightly accomplishments of his age and was also a poet. He was to become the hero of many legendary tales, some erroneously connecting him with Robin Hood (who belonged to a later age). {Chamber’s Biographical Dictionary} Richard I, called Coeur de Lion or Lion-Hearted (1157-99), King of England (1189-99), third son of King Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine; Duke of Normandy, Duke of Acquitaine, Count of Anjou. [GADD.GED]

Richard I, called Coeur de Lion or Lion-Hearted (1157-99), king of England (1189-99), third son of King Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine, born in Oxford. When he was an infant, Richard was betrothed to a daughter of the French king Louis VII, and in 1172 he was given the duchy of Aquitaine in France, his mother's inheritance. His early years were spent in warring against his father to protect his own interests; he emerged a brilliant soldier. In 1189 he became king of England and shortly thereafter set out on the Third Crusade. He was accompanied by the young Philip II, king of France, son of Louis VII. The Crusade proved a failure almost from the start, mainly because of the lack of harmony between the two kings. In Sicily Richard quarreled with Philip and refused to marry Philip's sister as planned. Instead he married Berengaria of Navarre on Cyprus, which he conquered in 1191. After capturing Acre (now ‘Akko) from the Saracens that same year, Richard executed 2700 Muslim prisoners of war. It was Richard's personal valor in the Holy Land, however, rather than his ruthlessness, that made his name famous in legend. Conflict over policy in the Holy Land resulted in a break between the two, and Philip returned to France alone. Richard spent months in indecisive contests against Saladin, sultan of Egypt and Syria, before making a truce by which Jerusalem was left in Saladin's hands. Captured en route to England by Leopold V, duke of Austria, Richard was handed over to Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. He was released in 1194 only after paying a heavy ransom. Richard returned to England and there made peace with his brother, John, later king of England, who in his absence had been conspiring with Philip to usurp the English throne. Leaving the government of England to the care of the able administrator Hubert Walter, archbishop of Canterbury, Richard went to France in 1194 to wage war against the French king. Campaigns in defense of his European lands continued for five years. Victor in most of the warfare in which he engaged, Richard was fatally wounded by an arrow during an insignificant skirmish in 1199.

As king, Richard had chosen able ministers, to whom he left most matters of administration. Under his rule, however, England suffered heavy taxation, levied to support his expeditions. Sometimes cruel, sometimes magnanimous, and always courageous, Richard was well versed in the knightly accomplishments of his age and was also a poet. He was to become the hero of many legendary tales. [Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia]

Additional information: Britannia.com

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