Test 3 Answer Sheet

1.	What two rites of passage in Argentinean American culture suggest 15 is the age when children begin to enter adulthood?  La Quinceanera and yerba mate
2.	What is the significance of an Argentinean American quincenera doll? a symbol of maturity
3.	In Argentinean tradition, what 4 things do children need to put at their beside on Epiphany Eve? they leave their shoe out with the letter to their parents of their requests, a glass of water for the wise men and grass for the camels
4.	What are the two rituals of Catholicism children (not teens) participate in? baptism and first communion
5.	Why were Irish children sold into servitude when the Irish first began immigrating to the American colonies? to pay parents passage
6.	What were two of the causes for the Irish to immigrate to the US? religious conflict and the potato famine
7.	What were Irish American children pressured to do to assimilate? loose their accents, religion, cultural praactives, and even change their names
8.	What part of their cultural identity did Irish Americans refuse to give up even under the pressure to assimilate? Catholicism 
9.	While education was valued, what did many young Irish American children have to do instead in the 19th century? go to work
10.	What was “An Gorta Mor”? The Great Hunger (the Potato Famine) 
11.	How would you describe the life of an “average” Irish American kid in an Eastern city in the late 19th century (church, school, house, play)? attend Catholic church, play on streets making up games, attended Catholic institutions for school, but many were homeless and worked. 
12.	What were the Orphan Trains? It was were homeless children were given food, shelter and clothing and were shipped to the mid west  to find a new family.
13.	How did the Orphan Trains work? children were loaded on trains and given clothes and when they arrived they would present them to interested families and they would sign an agreement to provide for them
14.	About how many kids were relocated through the Orphan Train? about 300,000 children and babies
15.	What was the major difficulty Irish Americans faced with American schools? The schools were protestant based and they were Roman Catholic.
16.	What important thing did the Catholic Union do for the education of Irish American kids? set up institutions of their own religious background (Catholic) 
17.	What was the importance of the Fair Labor Act of 1938? limitations were placed on child labor
18.	How much of the household income did many children provide in the late 1800s? 38% to 46%
19.	Why were children more desirable to hire for work? They could be paid lover wages, they were more challenging for unions to organize, and they were easier to manage
20.	How did Franco Americans see their children? economically important- children worked to help the family. Younger children came to be treated with more open affection and childhod started to be seen as an important stage of life. 
21.	What were common jobs held by Franco American boys at the turn of the last century? day laborers, construction workers, worked alongside their fathers, and sometimes worked as alter boys for Catholic Mass
22.	What were common jobs/roles for Franco-American girls during the same time period? take care of younger siblings, housekeepers, work in mills, marriage, and motherhood.
23.	How did Cajuns see the division of labor in children? indoor sphere belonged to the women and girls, while outdoor chores fell to the men and boys
24.	For Cajun and Franco Americans rites of passage celebrations were celebrated with whom? families
25.	At the turn of the last century, what was the first language of most Cajun and Franco American children? French Canadian
26.	What changed in terms of French American language in the US?  Why? Laws banning French in school because of assimilation
27.	How did Franco Americans view discipline, faith, cleanliness? strict discipline, faithful to religious traditions and cleanliness is next to godliness
28.	What was the goal of the Jewish summer camps started by Chester William Teller? to provide “normal, good, wholesome experiences” for Jewish boys and girls
29.	What were some of the major problems faced by children who survived the Holocaust? survival guilt, survival skills (leading to eating disorders, money issues, trust issue, and denial) fear of talking
30.	 How was oral history an important tool for combating assimilation? helped Jewish children by communicating stories of their Jewish legacy, to pass on from one generation to another, during a time when being an all American was important
31.	Why is it important for Jewish American children to learn Yiddish and/or Hebrew? declares one’s identity and it is a continuation of Jewish identity and a link to the past
32.	If a child is an Ashkenazi Jew, where is s/he from? Eastern Europe
33.	What was the importance of Jewish schools? to learn the basic elements of Judaism 
34.	Before WWII, which did Italian American parents stress more – hard work or education? hard work
35.	What Italian American belief affected the parental support of education? believed that if a child got more education than the parents that it would separate the family
36.	In the 1960s, what should Italian American girls be groomed for? housework, cooking, seamstress, arts-and-crafts and stay-at-home mother
37.	In the 1960s what should Italian American boys be groomed for? to become more prominent men
38.	What was the importance of baptisim? believed to erase original sin every child is born with
39.	What was one of the main goals of “apostolic works”? charities for the less fortunate 
40.	What is the importance of Greek schools? parents want their children to learn their cultural background and the history of where their families came from
41.	What is the importance of a Greek American name day? celebrated instead of their birthdays, celebrated on feast day after whom a person is named in baptism
42.	In terms of rights and responsibilities, how are children seen in the Greek Orthodox church? they enjoy all the same rights, responsibilities and privileges as adults
43.	What tradition that begins when they’re toddlers shows the central importance of marriage for Greek American girls? collection of dowry begins when girls are toddlers
44.	What is the importance of the stephanna tray? girls take candy from the “stephanna” tray and keep it under their pillow for 3 nights. On the third night they will dream of the man that they will marry.
45.	What is the importance of the Greek American family? values and morals
46.	What are the three biggest factors contributing to childhood stress? no free time to play, exposure to adult issues, and an increase in academic responsibilities
47.	What are the negative effects of long term media exposure and lack of free time at a young age? short attention span, neurological alterations of brain patterns, low ability to think abstractly, and the potential for imitating violence
48.	Why is obesity becoming such a problem in children? eating while watching TV (fat cells in body), poor diet, and lack of physical activity
49.	What three factors can lead kids to imitating violence? lack of human interaction, excessive overexposure to media entertainment, and a lack of over analysis of media
50.	What three factors can help a child cope with violence? Representational Competence, Totem, and Anchor
51.	What is representational competence? an understanding of who has power in a society/ social situation-why, and how it affects the child
52.	What is a totem? physical objects that represent psychological safety
53.	What is an anchor and what qualities does an anchor need? an individual who can help a child successfully cope of navigate violence (they have to be psychologically healthy, reasonably available, and able to help a child develop representational competence
54.	According to McDonnell, many people are afraid childhood is at an end because of what changes? exposure to adult issues and responding by adult behavior
55.	What were children exposed to in the Middle Ages that tells us they were not regarded as being in a separate stage of development? lack of privacy (exposure to sex), did not consider sexuality in children, swore and drank in front of children, and two divisions in labor between children and adults
56.	Why was the printing press one of the factors that created the sphere of childhood? birth of children’s literature
57.	What effect of the growing importance of privacy helped create the sphere of childhood? the change of bedroom kept children innocent (it changed what children were exposed to)
58.	How did compulsory education contribute to the creation of the sphere of childhood? school became compulsory,  there were kids games, rhymes and slang. They learned the same things at the same rate and they became unified. Parents separate from children
59.	What marked the beginning of the power shift that McDonnell explore as a possible “danger” to childhood as a separate sphere of life? kids know more than ever before (exposed to more), less family connection, change in civil rights, less respect of adults (adults seen as flawed)
60.	According to McDonnell, has modern media revealed most of the “cultural secrets” that once separated adults and children? YES
61.	 What element of contemporary society says that there has been a power shift in the relationship between children and adults? civil rights movement, children are more technologically advanced than parents
62.	According to McDonell, what can we offer kids that they can’t already get for themselves? life experience
63.	According to McDonnell, children are exposed to a lot of adult issues, but they.... don’t have perspective (they see adult issues in a childlike way)
64.	What two practices made Nickelodeon so successful? knowing their audience (Nick as a brand) will teach children in a tweaking way
65.	What does Nickelodeon want to know about its audience? everything, how they feel, what they read, ear, buy and what parents let them do and not do
66.	According to Steinberg, what boundary does Nickelodeon test, but not cross? authority or parental approval
67.	 What is Cultural Studies? study of how society creates and shares identity
68.	 In the Reformation, how is the “age of reason” defined? moral and spiritual decision and understanding consequences
69.	The “age of reason” is acknowledge in what common religious practice discussed in several of our in class presentations: 1st Communion 
70.	According to our readings, gender roles are determined by what factors? social influences, media, genetics and your own self 
71.	What defines the moral reasoning of boys and girls? boys prioritize and look at in terms of rules ---girls look at entire picture and how people involved will be affected (networking)
72.	When was childhood first seen as a separate sphere of life? The Gilded Age 1890’s-1930’s
73.	What is biculturalism? 2 cultures in ones identity
74.	What is Radical Multiculturalism? a theory that all cultural phenomena are historically determined and that historians must study each period without imposing any personal or absolute value system. A call to look at other cultures from within that culture to create a sense of equality. goal is the intent to the deconstruction of the idea of the other
75.	What is Transculturalism? a person living in another culture without adapting to new cultural values
76.	What is Adhesive Adaptation? when an individual adds aspects of a new culture without strong modifications of their culture of origin
77.	What is the middle passage? the trip of slaves fro Africa to the slave colonies
78.	What was the Underground Railroad? safe hiding places for slaves escaping from slavery
79.	Who was the intended audience for the Brownie Book? all children
80.	What is the meaning of the saying “a la buena” taught to Puerto Rican children? the nice way (has to do with behavior)