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Study Guide: Test 3

1.	What two rites of passage in Argentinean American culture suggest 15 is the age when children begin to enter adulthood?
2.	What is the significance of an Argentinean American quincenera doll?
3.	In Argentinean tradition, what 4 things do children need to put at their beside on Epiphany Eve?
4.	What are the two rituals of Catholicism children (not teens) participate in?
5.	Why were Irish children sold into servitude when the Irish first began immigrating to the American colonies?
6.	What were two of the causes for the Irish to immigrate to the US?
7. What were Irish American children pressured to do to assimilate?
8.	What part of their cultural identity did Irish Americans refuse to give up even under the pressure to assimilate?
9.	While education was valued, what did many young Irish American children have to do instead in the 19th century?
10.What was “An Gorta Mor”?
11.How would you describe the life of an “average” Irish American kid in an Eastern city in the late 19th century (church, school, house, play)?
12.What were the Orphan Trains?
13.How did the Orphan Trains work?
14.About how many kids were relocated through the Orphan Train?
15.What was the major difficulty Irish Americans faced with American schools?
16.What important thing did the Catholic Union do for the education of Irish American kids?
17.What was the importance of the Fair Labor Act of 1938?
18.How much of the household income did many children provide in the late 1800s?
19.Why were children more desirable to hire for work?
20.How did Franco Americans see their children?
21.What were common jobs held by Franco American boys at the turn of the last century?
22.What were common jobs/roles for Franco-American girls during the same time period?
23.How did Cajuns see the division of labor in children?
24.For Cajun and Franco Americans rites of passage celebrations were celebrated with whom?
25.At the turn of the last century, what was the first language of most Cajun and Franco American children?
26.What changed in terms of French American language in the US?  Why?
27.How did Franco Americans view discipline, faith, cleanliness?
28.What was the goal of the Jewish summer camps started by Chester William Teller?
29.What were some of the major problems faced by children who survived the Holocaust?
30.How was oral history an important tool for combating assimilation?
31.Why is it important for Jewish American children to learn Yiddish and/or Hebrew?
32.If a child is an Ashkenazi Jew, where is s/he from?
33.What was the importance of Jewish schools?
34.Before WWII, which did Italian American parents stress more - hard work or education?
35.What Italian American belief affected the parental support of education?
36.In the 1960s, what should Italian American girls be groomed for?
37.In the 1960s what should Italian American boys be groomed for?
38.What was the importance of baptisim?
39.What was one of the main goals of “apostolic works”?
40.What is the importance of Greek schools?
41.What is the importance of a Greek American name day?
42.In terms of rights and responsibilities, how are children seen in the Greek Orthodox church?
43.What tradition that begins when they’re toddlers shows the central importance of marriage for Greek American girls?
44.What is the importance of the stephanna tray?
45.What is the importance of the Greek American family?
46.What are the three biggest factors contributing to childhood stress?
47.What are the negative effects of long term media exposure and lack of free time at a young age?
48.Why is obesity becoming such a problem in children?
49.What three factors can lead kids to imitating violence?
50.What three factors can help a child cope with violence?
51.What is representational competence?
52.What is a totem?
53.What is an anchor and what qualities does an anchor need?
54.According to McDonnell, many people are afraid childhood is at an end because of what changes?
55.What were children exposed to in the Middle Ages that tells us they were not regarded as being in a separate stage of development?
56.Why was the printing press one of the factors that created the sphere of childhood?
57.What effect of the growing importance of privacy helped create the sphere of childhood?
58.How did compulsory education contribute to the creation of the sphere of childhood?
59.What marked the beginning of the power shift that McDonnell explore as a possible “danger” to childhood as a separate sphere of life?
60.According to McDonnell, has modern media revealed most of the “cultural secrets” that once separated adults and children?
61.What element of contemporary society says that there has been a power shift in the relationship between children and adults?
62.According to McDonell, what can we offer kids that they can’t already get for themselves?
63.According to McDonnell, children are exposed to a lot of adult issues, but they
64.What two practices made Nickelodeon so successful?
65.What does Nickelodeon want to know about its audience?
66.According to Steinberg, what boundary does Nickelodeon test, but not cross?
67. What is Cultural Studies? 
68.In the Reformation, how is the “age of reason” defined?
69.The “age of reason” is acknowledge in what common religious practice discussed in several of our in class presentations:
70.According to our readings, gender roles are determined by what factors?
71.What defines the moral reasoning of boys and girls?
72.When was childhood first seen as a separate sphere of life?
73.What is biculturalism?
74.What is Radical Multiculturalism?
75.What is Transculturalism?
76.What is Adhesive Adaptation?
77.What is the middle passage?
78.What was the Underground Railroad?
79.Who was the intended audience for the Brownie Book?
80.What is the meaning of the saying “a la buena” taught to Puerto Rican children?