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¡@´¶³qªkªºÂú§Î«h¦¨©ó12¥@¬ö¡C·í®É^°ê¦ë§Q¤G¥@¡]Henry
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The most concerned
issues in the British General Electoin 2005 (1 May 2005)
Most politians may be interested in party politics or
political issues. However, if you want to get a seat in any Parliament, it is a
must for you to know what really concerns the public and get their votes to
earn your seat. Here, I try to summarise the most concerned issues in society
by concluding it from the publicity and priorities addressed by the major
political parties in the UK which are Labour, Tory and Liberal Democrat.
First, I would like to list out the five issues
specifically addressed by the Conservatives. These are the major five issues
and they are listed not in the order of importance. First, Education; Second,
Health Care; Third, Taxes; Fourth, Crime; and Fifth, Immigration. In addition
to the above five, we should also not ignore Economy and Foreign Policy of which
the Labour is most proud and also scared.
Labour is strong in the economic policies and Gorden Brown
is the figure of it. Being the Chancellor of Exchequar, he partners with Tony
Blair and try to portrait themselves as a perfect team for Britian. Although
the press often signifies their personal conflicts or more explicitly, the
grudge Gorden feels as he does not have the chance to stand as the leader of
the Labour, the teaming up strategy actually gets its reward. The handing of an
icecream cone by Tony to Gorden can really blow some fragile hearts off. In a
recent political programme on the analysis of the body language of the major
politicans, it shows that Tony gives the most geniune smile and best gesture in
delivering speeches. In contrast, Michael Howard has the most fake smile but it
can be explained by his tough image built when he was the Home Secreatary.
If we reckon Health Care as the basic for a healthy body,
then Education would be that for a healthy mind. Tough on crime protects people
from violent crimes which physically hurt and taxes is the simplest way to
distinguish it is a socialist or capitalist party. England is flooded with
non-White and concerns arise as many jobs go to immigrants. The Iraq war raises
the moral issue and it is worsen when the legality of the war is put in
question.
It is true that Labour is having a higher chance to stay
for at least one more term. But the question is, does it really differ that
much between a Labour or Tory government in such a highly developed Western
Country?
The Political Structure
of the United Kingdom and United States and its comparison with China's (1 May
2005)
It is a common misconception that the
democratic systems in this world are the same. Actually, in a stricter
sense, even within the highly regarded democratic systems, distinctions can be
found. Based on its allocation of powers, it falls into two main
categories. First, it is the Presidential Democracy represented by the United
States, and the second type is Parliamentary Democracy typified by the United
Kingdom.
In Presidential Democracy practiced by
the US, the highest authority, which delegates powers to the rest of all
different kinds of authorities, lies in the constitution. The three
major and separated powers, which are executive, legislative and judicial, stem
from the constitution. One of the special characteristics of the
Presidential Democracy in the US is that the head of state and the head of
government are the same person called President. In some other Presidential
Democracies such as Singapore and France, the head of state and the head of
government are not the same, whilst the head of state is called President and
the head of government Prime Minister. In order to understand the
difference between President and Prime Minister, we have to first understand
the doctrine of separation of powers. Separation of powers is considered
as one of the basic elements in any democratic systems. The reason to
separate the power of executive, legislative and judicial is simply to prevent
the corruption of power based on the proposition that "power corrupts,
absolute power corrupts absolutely". Consequently, we can see
that in such power structure, the state is on the top and below which is the
three separate departments. The head of the state, which is the person
who represents the whole country, is the President; and the head of the
executive branch, which is the government, is the Prime Minister. This
can be exemplified by the system in the United Kingdom, which the head of government
is the Prime Minister and the head of government is the Crown. Referring
back to the US, we can observe that its head of government and the head of
state both fall into the same President. In this sense, US is not
practicing "truly" separation of powers. It is, however,
somehow pragmatic on the ground that the separation of the two positions is
mostly symbolic in which the President does not have any significant real
power.
In Parliamentary Democracy, the highest
authority lies in the Parliament instead of the constitution. What the
Parliament has duly enacted is the highest law and it can override any previous
one if there is inconsistency. It cannot bind any future enactment and
also cannot be bound by any previous Parliament. The ruling party is
determined by the majority party in the newly returned Parliament. The
Prime Minister is chosen within the ruling party and it would normally be the
leader of it. In the United Kingdom, there is no one piece of legislation
requiring a special majority to be overruled. It shows that there is no
higher law governing the political structure of the country. Some may
conclude that the difference between a Presidential and Parliamentary Democracy
is that the highest authority is constitution and Parliament
respectively. However, we should bear in mind that constitution could be
amended according to the constitution itself and it is done by the
Congress. Although it requires a special resolution, it is still the
Congress who has the power to alter it. Therefore, in the ultimate
analysis, the highest power reminds in the Congress as well as the Parliament
in a Parliamentary Democracy. This conclusion is totally reasonable as it
always should be the current population to determine how the country should be
ruled. The constitution serves as something which is so fundamental that
it should not be changed easily and frequently. Nevertheless, it should
be changed so as to adapt the ever-changing society.
Let's now turn to the People's Republic
of China. Structurally, China's political structure can be categorised
into the Parliamentary system. The highest authority of it is the
National People Congress by which the members are elected democratically, and
under which is President of the state who represents the state as a
whole. Four separated powers parallel to each other under the President
are the Judicial, Prosecution, State Council and the Military. State
Council is the executive organ and its head is the Primer. In recent
years, the politics develops that the President of the state would commonly be
the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China. It accords to the
doctrine of people's democratic dictatorship. Critics say that one major
flaw of the system is the mix of the judiciary and the executive or even the
proposition that the judiciary is under the executive. But from the above
analysis, we can clearly see that the judiciary and the executive are parallel
to each other and both under the legislative. It shows that it is highly
similar to the Parliamentary democracy.
One easily confused area would be the
power of the judiciary in China. It would be particularly confused by the
common-law lawyers in which they are trained under the common-law systems such
as England and Australia. It should be brought to our attention carefully
that the power of final adjudication lies in the judiciary but the
interpretation power of the statute in the legislature. In other
common-law jurisdiction, if there is no any further indication from the Parliament,
the power of interpretation totally rests on the judiciary. This
difference can be explained by the adoption of the Civil Law system by
China. In the Civil Law system, the cases adjudicated are not binding and
judges should follow the interpretation from the legislature. Even if the
piece of law in question is unclear at times, it should be treated as a matter
of fact to be determined by the judge or the jury.
Additionally, we cannot better
understand the Chinese political system without acknowledging the Four Cardinal
Principles laid down in both the constitutions of the Party and the
Country. The Principles concerned are the upholding of Marxism-Leninism,
Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiapeng Theory and the important thought of Three
Represents, the upholding of the leadership of the Communist Party, the
upholding of the path of socialism and the upholding of people's democratic
dictatorship. The detailed analysis of these would be followed by the
coming articles.
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UNDERSTANDING COMMUNIST
CHINA TEAM PAPER
APPLYING CHINESE COMMUNIST THEORY IN OUR LIVES
Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaping Theory (Year 2001)
INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY
There are dark sides of the history of Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Most of
the people, outside and even inside China, deprive the CCP's theory. They think
that CCP's theory is non-sense and impractical. However, after analyzing the
deeper meaning of CCP's Theory, I think that the latest interpretation of
Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaping Theory includes Thinking
Methodology, Positive Mental Attitude and other sensible assertions. It is also
found that the CCP's theory includes useful universe philosophy, success
philosophy and country-building philosophy. I would like to summarize it as
follows:
Marxism-Leninism teaches us what the universe is; Mao Zedong Thought teaches us
how to work; Deng Xiaping Theory teaches us how to build a country.
The objective of this paper is to seek the practical use of the CCP's theory.
This paper divides CCP's theory into three parts: 1. Marxism-Leninism, 2. Mao
Zedong Thought and 3. Deng Xiaping Theory.
The methodology of the analysis is to firstly select several ideas from the
mentioned three parts. Then, the ideas are incorporated to the practical world
and its usefulness is then illustrated.
MARXISM-LENINISM
Marxism-Leninism teaches us what the universe is
Materialistic world & Consciousness
The main philosophical dispute in 1800s was mainly what the universe is.
Idealism and materialism are two different views on the world (Existentialism).
Hegal was a very popular philosophical proposing the idealism. An idealistic
world means that there is no 'real' world, and what the universe is depends on
our perception. To sum up, the world is whatever our conscious mind perceives.
Idealism is obviously not representing the world. There IS a 'real' world.
Newton's first law is 'real' and that you have a pumping heart is 'real'! If
anyone does not believe, we can go to a laboratory and test it. It is
scientific! This is what we mean when we use the word 'real'!
IF 'the world is whatever our mind perceives', then, if the perceptions of you
and I are different or even contradictory, who's view is the real world. If
both, the world is contradictory? If anyone of us, then the assertion 'the
world is whatever our mind perceives' is false.
Materialism gives us a proper view on our world. Science can prove the
existence of atoms. Even our brain is consisted of atoms. It is material.
Materialistic view also provides the ground for science. Because if there is no
objective world and the world is whatever we perceive, then, there will be no
natural law in the world.
Materialism also supports our positive attitude on living. It leads us to live
practically without indulging in a virtual world.
MAO ZEDONG THOUGHT
Mao Zedong Thought teaches us how to work
1. Seeking truth from fact
In the domain of Thinking Methodology in philosophy, its four components are
Linguistic-analysis, Fallacy-criticism, Scientific Method and Logical Method.
The idea of 'Seeking truth from fact' is exactly the idea of Scientific Method.
Science is to find out the 'laws of our world by statistical method. Mao Zedong
illustrate 'Seeking truth from fact' as "'Facts' are all the things that
exist objectively, 'Truth' means their internal relations, that is the laws
governing them, and 'To seek' means to study. (Mao; Reform Our Study)"
No matter natural science (Physics, Chemistry, etc) or social science
(Economics, Psychology, etc), they have been playing an extremely important
role in the development of our world. It clearly shows the reasonability and
sensibility of the assertion of 'Seeking truth from fact'.
2. Criticism and Self-criticism, and Summarizing Experience
What is the function of Hong Kong Customer Commission? What is the function of
the Office of Ombudsman? What is the function of Audit Commission? What is the
function of Independent Police Complaints Council?
The rationale is simple. Without criticism, there will be no improvement. One
of the students of Confucius also said that, 'I criticize myself three times a
day to order to improve.'
3. Investigation and Study
Doing projects in school needs Investigation and Study. Doing researches
requires Investigation and Study. Problem-solving demands Investigation and
Study.
'No investigation; no right to speak.' It is particularly true when we are
engaging in a meeting. I hate people speak when he obviously have not prepared.
I believe most of our arguments are due to the asymmetrical information held by
different parties. So, they formed different solutions. Mao himself was very
good at doing investigation and study. When he was a secondary school student,
he has written a paper concerning sport. When he was engaged in the war between
the communist and nationalist, he has done many investigation concerning the
rural area. His attitude is very worth for us to learn.
DENG XIAPING THEORY
Deng Xiaping Theory teaches us how to build a country
1. People's lives are the duty of a government
More and more politicians in the world are playing the 'democratic' card. They
even argue that 'democracy' is the highest priority of a government. In my
view, some Hong Kong and US politicians heavily criticize on the democratic
condition of China in order to gain their political support.
I do not agree with that kind of politicians. What is the purpose of a
government? I believe the fundamental function of every government is to build
a society for people to live a better life. No matter you believe in socialist
or capitalist method, both of the ideologies are to build a better society.
Building a democratic government may be good for long-term development.
However, for immediate action, economic development must be ranked the first.
The following statement quoted from the constitution of the Chinese Communist
Party shows the party's line for economic development.
'The basic line of the Communist Party of China for the primary stage of
socialism is as follows: to lead and unite the people of all our ethic groups
in a self-reliant, intensive and pioneering effort to turn China into a
prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced and modern socialist
country by making economic development our central task while adhering to the
Four Cardinal Principles and persevering in reform and opening up.
The following point is concerning the psychological aspect of development and
the point after the following is concerning the practical action of
development.
2. The past is the past. Future is in our hand.
Deng Xiaping concluded the experiences and the lessons learnt from the Great
Leap Forward, 'Cultural Revolution' and other wrong policies. 'Emancipating our
minds, seeking truth from facts' is the idea.
Many people totally collapse after a failure. Their motivation disappears and
they do nothing to improve. It is a common human reaction towards a failure.
However, is it 'good' for us to be like that? It is not a good attitude for
life. We should evaluate ourselves and learn from the experience, then plan for
the future. The latter attitude is obviously better than the former one.
3. Science is the way to improve.
The history of Industrialization and Information Technology Revolution further
proves that science and technology are the keys to improve people's standard of
living.
In the economic point of view, technology will lower the transaction cost and
production cost. Also, technology also enhances the effectiveness and
efficiency of manufacturing products and rendering services. 'Science and
technology as the primary productive force' is truth.
CONCLUSION
In today's world, people are usually left with a bad image of Chinese
Communist. However, most of them know very little on modern history of China.
'No investigation; no right to speak'. If we pay time and effort to
investigation and study the history and theory of Chinese Communist, I believe
that we will have a very different view on it.
REFERENCE
Constitution of The Communist Party of China; 2001, Foreign Languages Press.
Quotation from Chairman Mao Tse-tung; 1967, Oriental Red Publishing.
Making Sense in Politics
Report
Critically Examine the Existence Value of District Council (Year2000)
Introduction
In the past world, there is no political council. As the development of
politics, councils appear in the entire world nowadays. They have different
responsibility, power and situation in different districts. In Hong Kong, there
are two main political councils after the start of 1st District Council of Hong
Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) commencing on the 1st January 1999.
Those are Legislative Council and District Council. In this report, I would
concentrate on the latter one-District Council which was called District Board
before.
Due to the special historical background of District Council, there are
controversial to argue on the existence value of the District Council. In this
report, I would critically examine the existence value of the District Council
by using a variety of standards. The kinds of standard we use are of great
important to my analysis. Before telling the standards I use, I should tell and
suggest what a local council is.
The Role of Local Council
Alfred de Grazia (1966) suggests that there are mainly three levels of
political organization in the world. From the basis to the world, those are
local political organization, state political organization and world political
organization. The main aim of a local political organization is to formulate
and execute public policy in the public level. In order to be a meaningful and
successful local political organization, there are three factors that the
organization should acquire. The factors are listed as follow:
1. The organization should be accountable to the public.
2. The organization should have the power to affect government policy.
3. The people representing the public should be capable to do his job.
In following of the report, I would analyse whether the District Council in
Hong Kong acquires the above four factors. The more it can reasonably acquire
the more value of its existence. Since value is a matter of continuum, we can
never tell this organization is absolutely valuable or absolutely invaluable.
In the light of this, I would balance all the factors and give my view on
whether it should exist in the last part of this report.
1. The accountability of District Council to the public
Ball (1988) suggests that the accountability of a council depend mainly on the
election of members. Whether an election is reasonable or not depends of
several factors including the system itself, fairness, openness and honesty.
Firstly, I would like to discuss whether this system is reasonable or not. Any
formation of organization should be as democratic as possible. There is hard to
ask for a system is absolutely democratic. The importance of democracy is to
ensure the system of accountability and minimize the chance of having a 'bad'
leader. Ball (1988) also state that the accountability is very important
because the responsibility of a position would be more definite and the
electors have the right to scrutinize one to work. However, when we investigate
the system of 1999 District Council, we can find out that there are appointed
members and ex-officio members included. Both appointed members and ex-officio
members are both absolutely not democratic because they are not elected by the
public. For the explanation of the inclusion of appointed members and
ex-officio members, Chief Executive Tung Chee Wah suggests that it is due to
allow the professional and capable people who want to join the council but do
not want to join it through the election. Is it reasonable?
Before discuss whether Tung's explanation, we should firstly talk about whether
democracy is absolutely good. In a broad sense, democracy means the rule of
people. That is the ruling people are chosen by the public and accountable to
the people. However, it does not guarantee the quality of the ruling people. In
the second war world, Hilter of Germany is elected by the public, but he
generate a lot of disaster. It is not difficult for us to find out many ruler
although is elected by the public, he do not do a good job. Also, 'too
democratic' would mostly generate the lower of efficiency. Taking United State
as an example, we can find that there are lots of bills that can not be passed
simply due to the opposing parties' sense of 'opposing in order to oppose'. It
is not difficult to find out examples to illustrate 'more democracy, less
efficiency'. In my point of view, I support democracy, but it should be
'adequate'. 'Adequate' means the running of organization should be as democratic
as possible provided not to affect the efficiency of the administration. I must
admit that the inclusion of appointed members and ex-officio members is not
democratic, but it would increase the efficiency the council. Political parties
often oppose to 'good' policy simply because they are an 'opposing party' as
illustrated above. Moreover, out of the 519 members of District Council, only
129 are appointed and ex-officio members. They only composed of one fifth of
the total members. Summing up the pros and cons, I think the inclusion of
appointed members and ex-officio is reasonable.
After the analysis the system, I would then analyse it is a fair, open and
honest election. The government states that 'The District Councils Ordinance
enacted in March 1999 contains relevant provisions which govern the
arrangements of the election and the related electoral activities.' The voters
do not need to put their name on the ballots. The ballots are secret. Eligible
voters would not be discriminated by gender, race, political background, etc.
Voters would vote freely. All the above factors are essential for a fair, open
and honest election. However, some would argue that there are over 1,000
complaints to the Election Committee and Independent Commission Against
Corruption (ICAC) due to the fairness of the election.
In this point, I think the complaints are reasonable. It is difficult to know
whether the complaints is the fact or not, but for most of them, ICAC has
determined the complaints is invalid. Moreover, complaining others candidates
are one of the strategies in campaign. Candidates may want to attack his
competitors by making complaints that may not be based on facts. In sum up, I
think the election is fair, open and honest.
2. The Power of District Council
According to the information provided by the government, advising the
government is one of the functions of District Board. District Council advises
the Government on matters affecting the well-being of people in the District,
the provision and use of public facilities and services within the District,
the adequacy and priorities of Government programmes for the District and the
use of public funds allocated to the District for local public works and
community activities. Also, where funds are made available, a District Council
will also undertake environmental improvements, the promotion of recreational,
cultural activities and
community activities within the District.
For the issue of the power of District Council, we can also find reference in
the basic law. In the article 97 of the basic law, it states that 'District
organizations which are not organs of political power may be established in the
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, to be consulted by the government of
the Region on district administration and other affairs, or to be responsible
for providing services in such fields as culture, recreation and environmental
sanitation.'
For the above mentioned, we can find that there are no real political power. As
suggested by the chairman of Provisional Yau Tsim Mong District Board
(1997-1999) Mr. Chow Chun-fai, District Council does not have to right to pass
a budget. As finance is very important in running any organization, if District
Council do not have the right to pass a government budget, it do not have much
political power. Also, when we see the function of District Council listed
above, we can find out the funds provided by the government is mainly used for
recreational activities, not for political means. In the basic law, it clearly states
that District organizations which are not organs of political power may be
established in the HKSAR. We can see that that are not much political power
processed by District Council. But one may ask: why such a low power district
organization would be established in Hong Kong? Lau Shi Kai suggests that we
can find the answer through the history. In 1981, British Hong Kong Government
wanted to establish an political organizations that could roughly represent the
public so that British Government would use 'the voice of Hong Kong people' to
talk to Chinese Government. However, in the late 1980s, many of the District
Board members turned to the Chinese side so that the British government thought
that the District Board is no longer useful for that and start to ignore the
District Board. As a result, District Board becomes a political organization
without much political power. In this sense, the present power of District
Council would certainly lower the existence value of it.
3. The Ability of the District Council member
There are lots of technical matters would be included in District Council.
Expertise is needed in order to discuss and solve that kind of problem. In
order to have a qualified expertise, formal education is required. However,
when we read the education background of the candidates and the members of
District Council, we can find out very few of them have complete tertiary
education. Even having completed tertiary education, most of the members do not
have the professional expertise to solve technical problems. Taking Democratic
Party as an example, I find out that about 33% of their candidates have not
completed tertiary education. I should stress that I do not mean the one who
does not have high education is absolutely not suitable to be a member of
council. However, politics would include lots of professional problems such as
medical, economics, currency and pollution problems. My view is supported by
Roskin (1999) who suggests that hardly anywhere are technical experts who are
equipped to deal with technical matters . Lau Shi Kai of the Chinese University
of Hong Kong also states that there are capable people to against the
government but there are no capable people to really develop and execute the
policies in Hong Kong. Besides, there is also news that some of the District
Board members have gone to the mainland China to do immoral things. It would
highly destroy the confidence of the public towards the District Council
members. Since District Council is lack of capable people to do the job, it
would also lower the existence value of it.
Overall examination of the Existence Value
After the examination of the three factors that would affect the existence
value of the council, we find out that most of it would lower its existence
value. However, as suggested by Dunsire (1984), we should also pay attention on
the psychological effect of the council to the society . Psychological effect
includes the overall involvement of the public in politics. As we can see in
the aggregated turn out rate of the 1999 District Council, we find out that it
is the highest of the past election and achieve an average of about 35.82% . It
reveals that a great involvement of the public. There is a lot of advantage of
this sign. First, if people have better involvement, they would pay more
attention to the candidate who is elected by them so that they would indirectly
pay more attention to the political issues. If the public participate more in
the political issues, more capable and qualified people would be attracted to
participle in the election including both District Council election and
Legislative Council election. The high the quality of the council, the better
the politics to the public. Also, as suggested by the chairman of Provisional
Yau Tsim Mong District Board (1997-1999) Mr. Chow Chun-fai, District Council is
a very good place for people who want to enter the legislative council to
prepare for themselves. That means District Council would provide a place to
train more qualified people to the legislative council. Moreover, the most
importance I think is that the presence of District Council would
psychologically tighten the relationship between the government and the
publics. Although there are no real power in the District Council, most of the
people would still think that they could affect government policies through
District Council member. Though it is not the real case, the commitment and the
involvement of the whole society is very important. There are no good policies
if all the people are not concerned about it. Overall, although there are lots
of criticism toward the existence of the District Council, I would think that
its presence is of great importance. It is because power is virtual, but the
participate of people is real.
Reference
An ABC Guide to the Basic Law. (1996). Hong Kong: Committee on the Promotion of
Civic Education.
Ball, Alan R. (1988). Modern Politics and Government. London: Macmillan Press.
Burns, James M. (1998). Government by the People: National, State, And Local
Version. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Dunsire, Andrew. (1984). The level of politics. In A. Leftwich (ED.), What Is
Politics?: The Activity And Its Study, pp 85-105. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Grazia, Alfred de. (1966). Political Organization. New York: Free Press.
Roskin, Michael G. (1999). Political Science: An Introduction. New Jersey:
Prentice Hall.
Retrieved from World Wide Web: http://www.dphk.org
Retrieved from World Wide Wed:
http://www.info.gov.hk/dcelect99/eng/result/result.htm
Retrieved from World Wide Web: http://www.info.gov.hk/dcelect99/eng/c11_3g.htm
Yau Tsim Mong District Strategy. (1998). Hong Kong: Yau Tsim Mong Provisional
District Board Working Group on Publications.
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