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The most concerned issues in the British General Electoin 2005 (1 May 2005)

Most politians may be interested in party politics or political issues. However, if you want to get a seat in any Parliament, it is a must for you to know what really concerns the public and get their votes to earn your seat. Here, I try to summarise the most concerned issues in society by concluding it from the publicity and priorities addressed by the major political parties in the UK which are Labour, Tory and Liberal Democrat.

First, I would like to list out the five issues specifically addressed by the Conservatives. These are the major five issues and they are listed not in the order of importance. First, Education; Second, Health Care; Third, Taxes; Fourth, Crime; and Fifth, Immigration. In addition to the above five, we should also not ignore Economy and Foreign Policy of which the Labour is most proud and also scared.

Labour is strong in the economic policies and Gorden Brown is the figure of it. Being the Chancellor of Exchequar, he partners with Tony Blair and try to portrait themselves as a perfect team for Britian. Although the press often signifies their personal conflicts or more explicitly, the grudge Gorden feels as he does not have the chance to stand as the leader of the Labour, the teaming up strategy actually gets its reward. The handing of an icecream cone by Tony to Gorden can really blow some fragile hearts off. In a recent political programme on the analysis of the body language of the major politicans, it shows that Tony gives the most geniune smile and best gesture in delivering speeches. In contrast, Michael Howard has the most fake smile but it can be explained by his tough image built when he was the Home Secreatary.

If we reckon Health Care as the basic for a healthy body, then Education would be that for a healthy mind. Tough on crime protects people from violent crimes which physically hurt and taxes is the simplest way to distinguish it is a socialist or capitalist party. England is flooded with non-White and concerns arise as many jobs go to immigrants. The Iraq war raises the moral issue and it is worsen when the legality of the war is put in question.

It is true that Labour is having a higher chance to stay for at least one more term. But the question is, does it really differ that much between a Labour or Tory government in such a highly developed Western Country?


The Political Structure of the United Kingdom and United States and its comparison with China's (1 May 2005)

It is a common misconception that the democratic systems in this world are the same.  Actually, in a stricter sense, even within the highly regarded democratic systems, distinctions can be found.  Based on its allocation of powers, it falls into two main categories. First, it is the Presidential Democracy represented by the United States, and the second type is Parliamentary Democracy typified by the United Kingdom.

In Presidential Democracy practiced by the US, the highest authority, which delegates powers to the rest of all different kinds of authorities,  lies in the constitution.  The three major and separated powers, which are executive, legislative and judicial, stem from the constitution.  One of the special characteristics of the Presidential Democracy in the US is that the head of state and the head of government are the same person called President.  In some other Presidential Democracies such as Singapore and France, the head of state and the head of government are not the same, whilst the head of state is called President and the head of government Prime Minister.  In order to understand the difference between President and Prime Minister, we have to first understand the doctrine of separation of powers.  Separation of powers is considered as one of the basic elements in any democratic systems.  The reason to separate the power of executive, legislative and judicial is simply to prevent the corruption of power based on the proposition that "power corrupts, absolute power corrupts absolutely".   Consequently, we can see that in such power structure, the state is on the top and below which is the three separate departments.  The head of the state, which is the person who represents the whole country, is the President; and the head of the executive branch, which is the government, is the Prime Minister.  This can be exemplified by the system in the United Kingdom, which the head of government is the Prime Minister and the head of government is the Crown.  Referring back to the US, we can observe that its head of government and the head of state both fall into the same President.  In this sense, US is not practicing "truly" separation of powers.  It is, however, somehow pragmatic on the ground that the separation of the two positions is mostly symbolic in which the President does not have any significant real power.

In Parliamentary Democracy, the highest authority lies in the Parliament instead of the constitution.  What the Parliament has duly enacted is the highest law and it can override any previous one if there is inconsistency.  It cannot bind any future enactment and also cannot be bound by any previous Parliament.  The ruling party is determined by the majority party in the newly returned Parliament.  The Prime Minister is chosen within the ruling party and it would normally be the leader of it.  In the United Kingdom, there is no one piece of legislation requiring a special majority to be overruled.  It shows that there is no higher law governing the political structure of the country.  Some may conclude that the difference between a Presidential and Parliamentary Democracy is that the highest authority is constitution and Parliament respectively.  However, we should bear in mind that constitution could be amended according to the constitution itself and it is done by the Congress.  Although it requires a special resolution, it is still the Congress who has the power to alter it.  Therefore, in the ultimate analysis, the highest power reminds in the Congress as well as the Parliament in a Parliamentary Democracy.  This conclusion is totally reasonable as it always should be the current population to determine how the country should be ruled.  The constitution serves as something which is so fundamental that it should not be changed easily and frequently.  Nevertheless, it should be changed so as to adapt the ever-changing society.

Let's now turn to the People's Republic of China.  Structurally, China's political structure can be categorised into the Parliamentary system.  The highest authority of it is the National People Congress by which the members are elected democratically, and under which is President of the state who represents the state as a whole.  Four separated powers parallel to each other under the President are the Judicial, Prosecution, State Council and the Military.  State Council is the executive organ and its head is the Primer.  In recent years, the politics develops that the President of the state would commonly be the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China.  It accords to the doctrine of people's democratic dictatorship.  Critics say that one major flaw of the system is the mix of the judiciary and the executive or even the proposition that the judiciary is under the executive.  But from the above analysis, we can clearly see that the judiciary and the executive are parallel to each other and both under the legislative.  It shows that it is highly similar to the Parliamentary democracy.

One easily confused area would be the power of the judiciary in China.  It would be particularly confused by the common-law lawyers in which they are trained under the common-law systems such as England and Australia.  It should be brought to our attention carefully that the power of final adjudication lies in the judiciary but the interpretation power of the statute in the legislature.  In other common-law jurisdiction, if there is no any further indication from the Parliament, the power of interpretation totally rests on the judiciary.  This difference can be explained by the adoption of the Civil Law system by China.  In the Civil Law system, the cases adjudicated are not binding and judges should follow the interpretation from the legislature.  Even if the piece of law in question is unclear at times, it should be treated as a matter of fact to be determined by the judge or the jury.

Additionally, we cannot better understand the Chinese political system without acknowledging the Four Cardinal Principles laid down in both the constitutions of the Party and the Country.  The Principles concerned are the upholding of Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiapeng Theory and the important thought of Three Represents, the upholding of the leadership of the Communist Party, the upholding of the path of socialism and the upholding of people's democratic dictatorship.  The detailed analysis of these would be followed by the coming articles.


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UNDERSTANDING COMMUNIST CHINA TEAM PAPER
APPLYING CHINESE COMMUNIST THEORY IN OUR LIVES
Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaping Theory (Year 2001)


INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY
There are dark sides of the history of Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Most of the people, outside and even inside China, deprive the CCP's theory. They think that CCP's theory is non-sense and impractical. However, after analyzing the deeper meaning of CCP's Theory, I think that the latest interpretation of Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaping Theory includes Thinking Methodology, Positive Mental Attitude and other sensible assertions. It is also found that the CCP's theory includes useful universe philosophy, success philosophy and country-building philosophy. I would like to summarize it as follows:

Marxism-Leninism teaches us what the universe is; Mao Zedong Thought teaches us how to work; Deng Xiaping Theory teaches us how to build a country.

The objective of this paper is to seek the practical use of the CCP's theory. This paper divides CCP's theory into three parts: 1. Marxism-Leninism, 2. Mao Zedong Thought and 3. Deng Xiaping Theory.

The methodology of the analysis is to firstly select several ideas from the mentioned three parts. Then, the ideas are incorporated to the practical world and its usefulness is then illustrated.



MARXISM-LENINISM
Marxism-Leninism teaches us what the universe is

Materialistic world & Consciousness
The main philosophical dispute in 1800s was mainly what the universe is. Idealism and materialism are two different views on the world (Existentialism). Hegal was a very popular philosophical proposing the idealism. An idealistic world means that there is no 'real' world, and what the universe is depends on our perception. To sum up, the world is whatever our conscious mind perceives.

Idealism is obviously not representing the world. There IS a 'real' world. Newton's first law is 'real' and that you have a pumping heart is 'real'! If anyone does not believe, we can go to a laboratory and test it. It is scientific! This is what we mean when we use the word 'real'!
IF 'the world is whatever our mind perceives', then, if the perceptions of you and I are different or even contradictory, who's view is the real world. If both, the world is contradictory? If anyone of us, then the assertion 'the world is whatever our mind perceives' is false.

Materialism gives us a proper view on our world. Science can prove the existence of atoms. Even our brain is consisted of atoms. It is material.

Materialistic view also provides the ground for science. Because if there is no objective world and the world is whatever we perceive, then, there will be no natural law in the world.

Materialism also supports our positive attitude on living. It leads us to live practically without indulging in a virtual world.


MAO ZEDONG THOUGHT
Mao Zedong Thought teaches us how to work

1. Seeking truth from fact
In the domain of Thinking Methodology in philosophy, its four components are Linguistic-analysis, Fallacy-criticism, Scientific Method and Logical Method. The idea of 'Seeking truth from fact' is exactly the idea of Scientific Method.

Science is to find out the 'laws of our world by statistical method. Mao Zedong illustrate 'Seeking truth from fact' as "'Facts' are all the things that exist objectively, 'Truth' means their internal relations, that is the laws governing them, and 'To seek' means to study. (Mao; Reform Our Study)"

No matter natural science (Physics, Chemistry, etc) or social science (Economics, Psychology, etc), they have been playing an extremely important role in the development of our world. It clearly shows the reasonability and sensibility of the assertion of 'Seeking truth from fact'.

2. Criticism and Self-criticism, and Summarizing Experience
What is the function of Hong Kong Customer Commission? What is the function of the Office of Ombudsman? What is the function of Audit Commission? What is the function of Independent Police Complaints Council?

The rationale is simple. Without criticism, there will be no improvement. One of the students of Confucius also said that, 'I criticize myself three times a day to order to improve.'


3. Investigation and Study
Doing projects in school needs Investigation and Study. Doing researches requires Investigation and Study. Problem-solving demands Investigation and Study.
'No investigation; no right to speak.' It is particularly true when we are engaging in a meeting. I hate people speak when he obviously have not prepared. I believe most of our arguments are due to the asymmetrical information held by different parties. So, they formed different solutions. Mao himself was very good at doing investigation and study. When he was a secondary school student, he has written a paper concerning sport. When he was engaged in the war between the communist and nationalist, he has done many investigation concerning the rural area. His attitude is very worth for us to learn.



DENG XIAPING THEORY
Deng Xiaping Theory teaches us how to build a country

1. People's lives are the duty of a government
More and more politicians in the world are playing the 'democratic' card. They even argue that 'democracy' is the highest priority of a government. In my view, some Hong Kong and US politicians heavily criticize on the democratic condition of China in order to gain their political support.

I do not agree with that kind of politicians. What is the purpose of a government? I believe the fundamental function of every government is to build a society for people to live a better life. No matter you believe in socialist or capitalist method, both of the ideologies are to build a better society. Building a democratic government may be good for long-term development. However, for immediate action, economic development must be ranked the first. The following statement quoted from the constitution of the Chinese Communist Party shows the party's line for economic development.

'The basic line of the Communist Party of China for the primary stage of socialism is as follows: to lead and unite the people of all our ethic groups in a self-reliant, intensive and pioneering effort to turn China into a prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced and modern socialist country by making economic development our central task while adhering to the Four Cardinal Principles and persevering in reform and opening up.

The following point is concerning the psychological aspect of development and the point after the following is concerning the practical action of development.


2. The past is the past. Future is in our hand.
Deng Xiaping concluded the experiences and the lessons learnt from the Great Leap Forward, 'Cultural Revolution' and other wrong policies. 'Emancipating our minds, seeking truth from facts' is the idea.

Many people totally collapse after a failure. Their motivation disappears and they do nothing to improve. It is a common human reaction towards a failure. However, is it 'good' for us to be like that? It is not a good attitude for life. We should evaluate ourselves and learn from the experience, then plan for the future. The latter attitude is obviously better than the former one.


3. Science is the way to improve.
The history of Industrialization and Information Technology Revolution further proves that science and technology are the keys to improve people's standard of living.

In the economic point of view, technology will lower the transaction cost and production cost. Also, technology also enhances the effectiveness and efficiency of manufacturing products and rendering services. 'Science and technology as the primary productive force' is truth.



CONCLUSION
In today's world, people are usually left with a bad image of Chinese Communist. However, most of them know very little on modern history of China. 'No investigation; no right to speak'. If we pay time and effort to investigation and study the history and theory of Chinese Communist, I believe that we will have a very different view on it.


REFERENCE
Constitution of The Communist Party of China; 2001, Foreign Languages Press.
Quotation from Chairman Mao Tse-tung; 1967, Oriental Red Publishing.


Making Sense in Politics Report
Critically Examine the Existence Value of District Council (Year2000)


Introduction
In the past world, there is no political council. As the development of politics, councils appear in the entire world nowadays. They have different responsibility, power and situation in different districts. In Hong Kong, there are two main political councils after the start of 1st District Council of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) commencing on the 1st January 1999. Those are Legislative Council and District Council. In this report, I would concentrate on the latter one-District Council which was called District Board before.

Due to the special historical background of District Council, there are controversial to argue on the existence value of the District Council. In this report, I would critically examine the existence value of the District Council by using a variety of standards. The kinds of standard we use are of great important to my analysis. Before telling the standards I use, I should tell and suggest what a local council is.


The Role of Local Council
Alfred de Grazia (1966) suggests that there are mainly three levels of political organization in the world. From the basis to the world, those are local political organization, state political organization and world political organization. The main aim of a local political organization is to formulate and execute public policy in the public level. In order to be a meaningful and successful local political organization, there are three factors that the organization should acquire. The factors are listed as follow:

1. The organization should be accountable to the public.
2. The organization should have the power to affect government policy.
3. The people representing the public should be capable to do his job.

In following of the report, I would analyse whether the District Council in Hong Kong acquires the above four factors. The more it can reasonably acquire the more value of its existence. Since value is a matter of continuum, we can never tell this organization is absolutely valuable or absolutely invaluable. In the light of this, I would balance all the factors and give my view on whether it should exist in the last part of this report.
1. The accountability of District Council to the public
Ball (1988) suggests that the accountability of a council depend mainly on the election of members. Whether an election is reasonable or not depends of several factors including the system itself, fairness, openness and honesty.

Firstly, I would like to discuss whether this system is reasonable or not. Any formation of organization should be as democratic as possible. There is hard to ask for a system is absolutely democratic. The importance of democracy is to ensure the system of accountability and minimize the chance of having a 'bad' leader. Ball (1988) also state that the accountability is very important because the responsibility of a position would be more definite and the electors have the right to scrutinize one to work. However, when we investigate the system of 1999 District Council, we can find out that there are appointed members and ex-officio members included. Both appointed members and ex-officio members are both absolutely not democratic because they are not elected by the public. For the explanation of the inclusion of appointed members and ex-officio members, Chief Executive Tung Chee Wah suggests that it is due to allow the professional and capable people who want to join the council but do not want to join it through the election. Is it reasonable?

Before discuss whether Tung's explanation, we should firstly talk about whether democracy is absolutely good. In a broad sense, democracy means the rule of people. That is the ruling people are chosen by the public and accountable to the people. However, it does not guarantee the quality of the ruling people. In the second war world, Hilter of Germany is elected by the public, but he generate a lot of disaster. It is not difficult for us to find out many ruler although is elected by the public, he do not do a good job. Also, 'too democratic' would mostly generate the lower of efficiency. Taking United State as an example, we can find that there are lots of bills that can not be passed simply due to the opposing parties' sense of 'opposing in order to oppose'. It is not difficult to find out examples to illustrate 'more democracy, less efficiency'. In my point of view, I support democracy, but it should be 'adequate'. 'Adequate' means the running of organization should be as democratic as possible provided not to affect the efficiency of the administration. I must admit that the inclusion of appointed members and ex-officio members is not democratic, but it would increase the efficiency the council. Political parties often oppose to 'good' policy simply because they are an 'opposing party' as illustrated above. Moreover, out of the 519 members of District Council, only 129 are appointed and ex-officio members. They only composed of one fifth of the total members. Summing up the pros and cons, I think the inclusion of appointed members and ex-officio is reasonable.

After the analysis the system, I would then analyse it is a fair, open and honest election. The government states that 'The District Councils Ordinance enacted in March 1999 contains relevant provisions which govern the arrangements of the election and the related electoral activities.' The voters do not need to put their name on the ballots. The ballots are secret. Eligible voters would not be discriminated by gender, race, political background, etc. Voters would vote freely. All the above factors are essential for a fair, open and honest election. However, some would argue that there are over 1,000 complaints to the Election Committee and Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) due to the fairness of the election.
In this point, I think the complaints are reasonable. It is difficult to know whether the complaints is the fact or not, but for most of them, ICAC has determined the complaints is invalid. Moreover, complaining others candidates are one of the strategies in campaign. Candidates may want to attack his competitors by making complaints that may not be based on facts. In sum up, I think the election is fair, open and honest.

2. The Power of District Council
According to the information provided by the government, advising the government is one of the functions of District Board. District Council advises the Government on matters affecting the well-being of people in the District, the provision and use of public facilities and services within the District, the adequacy and priorities of Government programmes for the District and the use of public funds allocated to the District for local public works and community activities. Also, where funds are made available, a District Council will also undertake environmental improvements, the promotion of recreational, cultural activities and
community activities within the District.

For the issue of the power of District Council, we can also find reference in the basic law. In the article 97 of the basic law, it states that 'District organizations which are not organs of political power may be established in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, to be consulted by the government of the Region on district administration and other affairs, or to be responsible for providing services in such fields as culture, recreation and environmental sanitation.'

For the above mentioned, we can find that there are no real political power. As suggested by the chairman of Provisional Yau Tsim Mong District Board (1997-1999) Mr. Chow Chun-fai, District Council does not have to right to pass a budget. As finance is very important in running any organization, if District Council do not have the right to pass a government budget, it do not have much political power. Also, when we see the function of District Council listed above, we can find out the funds provided by the government is mainly used for recreational activities, not for political means. In the basic law, it clearly states that District organizations which are not organs of political power may be established in the HKSAR. We can see that that are not much political power processed by District Council. But one may ask: why such a low power district organization would be established in Hong Kong? Lau Shi Kai suggests that we can find the answer through the history. In 1981, British Hong Kong Government wanted to establish an political organizations that could roughly represent the public so that British Government would use 'the voice of Hong Kong people' to talk to Chinese Government. However, in the late 1980s, many of the District Board members turned to the Chinese side so that the British government thought that the District Board is no longer useful for that and start to ignore the District Board. As a result, District Board becomes a political organization without much political power. In this sense, the present power of District Council would certainly lower the existence value of it.

3. The Ability of the District Council member
There are lots of technical matters would be included in District Council. Expertise is needed in order to discuss and solve that kind of problem. In order to have a qualified expertise, formal education is required. However, when we read the education background of the candidates and the members of District Council, we can find out very few of them have complete tertiary education. Even having completed tertiary education, most of the members do not have the professional expertise to solve technical problems. Taking Democratic Party as an example, I find out that about 33% of their candidates have not completed tertiary education. I should stress that I do not mean the one who does not have high education is absolutely not suitable to be a member of council. However, politics would include lots of professional problems such as medical, economics, currency and pollution problems. My view is supported by Roskin (1999) who suggests that hardly anywhere are technical experts who are equipped to deal with technical matters . Lau Shi Kai of the Chinese University of Hong Kong also states that there are capable people to against the government but there are no capable people to really develop and execute the policies in Hong Kong. Besides, there is also news that some of the District Board members have gone to the mainland China to do immoral things. It would highly destroy the confidence of the public towards the District Council members. Since District Council is lack of capable people to do the job, it would also lower the existence value of it.

Overall examination of the Existence Value
After the examination of the three factors that would affect the existence value of the council, we find out that most of it would lower its existence value. However, as suggested by Dunsire (1984), we should also pay attention on the psychological effect of the council to the society . Psychological effect includes the overall involvement of the public in politics. As we can see in the aggregated turn out rate of the 1999 District Council, we find out that it is the highest of the past election and achieve an average of about 35.82% . It reveals that a great involvement of the public. There is a lot of advantage of this sign. First, if people have better involvement, they would pay more attention to the candidate who is elected by them so that they would indirectly pay more attention to the political issues. If the public participate more in the political issues, more capable and qualified people would be attracted to participle in the election including both District Council election and Legislative Council election. The high the quality of the council, the better the politics to the public. Also, as suggested by the chairman of Provisional Yau Tsim Mong District Board (1997-1999) Mr. Chow Chun-fai, District Council is a very good place for people who want to enter the legislative council to prepare for themselves. That means District Council would provide a place to train more qualified people to the legislative council. Moreover, the most importance I think is that the presence of District Council would psychologically tighten the relationship between the government and the publics. Although there are no real power in the District Council, most of the people would still think that they could affect government policies through District Council member. Though it is not the real case, the commitment and the involvement of the whole society is very important. There are no good policies if all the people are not concerned about it. Overall, although there are lots of criticism toward the existence of the District Council, I would think that its presence is of great importance. It is because power is virtual, but the participate of people is real.

Reference

An ABC Guide to the Basic Law. (1996). Hong Kong: Committee on the Promotion of Civic Education.

Ball, Alan R. (1988). Modern Politics and Government. London: Macmillan Press.

Burns, James M. (1998). Government by the People: National, State, And Local Version. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Dunsire, Andrew. (1984). The level of politics. In A. Leftwich (ED.), What Is Politics?: The Activity And Its Study, pp 85-105. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Grazia, Alfred de. (1966). Political Organization. New York: Free Press.

Roskin, Michael G. (1999). Political Science: An Introduction. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Retrieved from World Wide Web: http://www.dphk.org


Retrieved from World Wide Wed: http://www.info.gov.hk/dcelect99/eng/result/result.htm

Retrieved from World Wide Web: http://www.info.gov.hk/dcelect99/eng/c11_3g.htm

Yau Tsim Mong District Strategy. (1998). Hong Kong: Yau Tsim Mong Provisional District Board Working Group on Publications.


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