Conjunctions

A conjunction is a word that "joins". A conjunction joins two parts of a sentence.

Coordinating Conjunctions	Subordinating Conjunctions
and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so	although, because, since, unless

Here are some example conjunctions

We can consider conjunctions from three aspects:

1 - Form

Conjunctions have three basic forms:

Single Word
for example: and, but, because, although
Compound (often ending with as or that)
for example: provided that, as long as, in order that
Correlative (surrounding an adverb or adjective)
for example: so...that

2 - Function

Conjunctions have two basic functions or "jobs":

· Coordinating functions are used to join two parts of a sentence that are grammatically equal. The two parts may be single words or clauses. For example:

- Jack and Jill went up the hill.

- The water was warm but I didn't go swimming.

Subordinating conjunctions are used to join a subordinate dependent clause to a main clause, for example:

- I went swimming, although it was cold.

3 - Position

Coordinating conjunctions always come between the words or clauses that they join.

Subordinating conjunctions usually come at the beginning of the subordinate clause.

Coordinating Conjunctions

The short, simple conjunctions are called "coordinating conjunctions":

and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so

A coordinating conjunction joins parts of a sentence (for example words or independent clauses) that are grammatically equal or similar. A coordinating conjunction shows that the elements it joins are similar in importance and structure:

Look at these examples - the two elements that the coordinating conjunction joins are shown in square brackets [ ]:

I like [tea] and [coffee].
[Ram likes tea], but [Anthony likes coffee].

Coordinating conjunctions always come between the words or clauses that they join.

When a coordinating conjunction joins independent clauses, it is always correct to place a comma before the conjunction:

I want to work as an interpreter in the future, so I am studying Russian at university.

However, if the independent clauses are short and well-balanced, a comma is not really essential:

She is kind so she helps people.

When "and" is used with the last word of a list, a comma is optional:

He drinks beer, whisky, wine, and rum.
He drinks beer, whisky, wine and rum.

The 7 coordinating conjunctions are short, simple words. They have only two or three letters. There's an easy way to remember them - their initials spell:

F	A	N	B	O	Y	S
For	And	Nor	But	Or	Yet	So

Subordinating Conjunctions

The majority of conjunctions are "subordinating conjunctions". Common subordinating conjunctions are:

after, although, as, because, before, how, if, once, since, than, that, though, till, until, when, where, whether, while

A subordinating conjunction joins a subordinate (dependent) clause to a main (independent) clause:

Look at this example:

main or independent clause	subordinate or dependent clause
Ram went swimming	although	it was raining.
	subordinating conjunction

A subordinate or dependent clause "depends" on a main or independent clause. It cannot exist alone. Imagine that somebody says to you: "Hello! Although it was raining." What do you understand? Nothing! But a main or independent clause can exist alone. You will understand very well if somebody says to you: "Hello! Ram went swimming."

A subordinating conjunction always comes at the beginning of a subordinate clause. It "introduces" a subordinate clause. However, a subordinate clause can sometimes come after and sometimes before a main clause:

Thus, two structures are possible

Ram went swimming although it was raining.

Although it was raining, Ram went swimming.

English Worksheet. Time Connectors

Read the following text and complete it with the Time Connectors given in the box:

I am going to tell you a funny story that happened a few days ago. _______ I must tell you that it all took place at early in the morning. My daily routine is always very busy and I go through my day in a hurry.

________________I have to get up soon __________ the alarm clock wakes me up at around 7 am, or else I will sleep all morning. ______________I have a quick shower and ______I prepare a good breakfast. _____________ I get dressed ____________I listen to the first news of the day on the radio.

________I take the first bus I can so that I get to the tube which will take me to the office, where I arrive at about 8.30. ___________my working day is about to start.

______________ I can I ask the boss to leave a bit early since the full day of paper and computer work is exhausting, but I never go home _________ my part is done.

Oh, right, my story! The question is that a couple of days ago I did all this to arrive at the office and find it was shut down! Nobody had talked about a strike or something!!! Nobody had talked about the next day, naturally, it was SUNDAY!!!

FIRST WHENEVER IN THE FIRST PLACE FIRST AT LAST FINALLY WHILE THEN AFTER AFTER THAT (2x) NEXT BEFORE

Key: In the first place/ first/ after/ after that/ then/ after that/ while/ at last/ finally/ whenever/ before

English formative Quiz + Written Exercises

If –Clauses – all types

A Before you can recall the conditional sentences, you should recall the main verb tenses in English. According to the degree of complexity of their structure they are:

1 - ___________________» which refers to present or regular actions and has no auxiliary verb;