(NOTE: The data herein is intended for use in further identification of recovered skeletal data, using biostatistical methods).
The statistical analysis of prehistoric skeletal data is a very effective method for determining village genetic interrelationships through time. At present, there is relatively limited data on hand. The skeletal material at each site shows both variation through time, and also at any given time in the past, so that more data and more dating is needed to clarify genetic transition through time. Using published skeletal data, and skeletal material measured by this author, I have tried to analyze the genetic relationships among Straits Salish and surrounding groups.
The material presented in this chapter is intended for future use in analyzing skeletal material from the region. In order to understand the contents, one must have some understanding of statistics (preferably Biometrics) and physical anthropology.
Once skeletal data has been collected it must first be transformed into some manageable means to statistically analyze relationships. Transformed data consists of achieving the following:
1) Female/Male conversion. All data must be uniform, and for convenience, this author has chosen to transform all females into male, using the transform data listed herein. This gives the generalized male version of the female features, and this author has found this method to be extremely useful, rather than misleading.
2) Age conversion. Skeletal features change with age, and in order to clarify genetic relationships rather than age relationships, each individual data must be transformed into a common age, such as the one suggested here (Adult -- 18 to 30 years old).
3) Size Conversion. In some instances it becomes useful to observe data on individuals that have been converted to a common size. This conversion eliminates much of the size, resulting in observing the shape. Since most biostatistical analysis of skeletal relationships incorporates the elimination of the size factor, size conversion is not necessary in most computer analysis.
4) Cranial Deformation. Most Indians of the Pacific Northwest practiced cranial deformation. As infants they were held in a transportable carrier, and their heads were firmly held in place, resulting in permanent deformation of the cranium. Historically, this was often done to add a sense of status. Deformed data cannot be used to distinguish genetic traits, and thus, is rather useless. Regression statistics can be used to reconstruct the undeformed equivalent, but this should not be used for genetic relationships, either. On the list of cranial abbreviations I have separated out the variables which should not be used if Cranial deformation is present (GOL, XCB, BBH, FRC, BNL, WFB, ZYB, FMB, and BlO). When more data becomes available, regression statistics can be used to estimate how severely each variable is deformed.
Once reliable data has been obtained and converted, it is then possible to statistically analyze relationships between individuals or groups. The data in this book uses the simple, yet sound and effective, method using Penrose�s Size and Shape formula (Penrose 1954, Rao 1952). This method is not the most desirable, and future analysis should incorporate using uncorrelated data, such as the similar method used by Mahalanobis (Mahalanobis 1936, Rightmire 1969). Since this method requires uncorrelated variables, I have spent considerable time deriving correlation coefficients as listed herein, and should be of extreme value in future analysis. Since most individual skeletal data from the Pacific Northwest is rather incomplete, a somewhat modified version of Mahalanobis� formula will have to be devised, since his requires no missing variables. Of course, one could reconstruct the missing data using regression statistics, but this may conceal the actual data when numerous variable are missing. Also, most statistical formulas for comparison of racial alikeness require overall group variable means and standard deviations. One can simplify matters by converting the Coefficient of Variations that I have listed, into standard deviations of any group variable mean. These coefficients of variation represent the variation within each physical type, and thus, represent natural human variation within a physical type, rather than variation between physical types. These coefficients are derived from Pacific Northwest populations.
The results of the Penrose method gives a statistical coefficient of racial alikeness. Most previous analysis of skeletal relationships in the Pacific Northwest have compared site or regional group means. I have found that most sites are composed of several different physical types through time, and less variable, at one given time. Thus, it becomes necessary to analyze each individual and compare them with other individuals. This author has compared each individual with all others within Salish territory through time, clustering them, resulting in distinct physical types rather than just site or group means. Extra�regional groups were analyzed in the same manner to produce the best representation of a physical type for each group (e.g. Chinook, Haida, Nootka, and Kwakiutl). The results of this coefficient of racial alikeness are displayed on three pages (1. a table of data; 2. a dendrograph; and 3. a two-dimensional graphic representation). The two--dimensional graphic representation is a better expression rather than the dendrograph.
In order to better understand the genetic (skeletal) composition of each individual within the region, 1 have developed a simple, yet effective method which produces percentages of inbred physical types within an individual (e.g. - half-breed), here referred to as "F-Scores". First, coefficients of racial alikeness are computed for each individual compared to the regional physical types. Then these coefficients are added up, and an average is computed. Those groups above the average (closer related to the individual) are subtracted from the mean, and then percentages can be computed. Groups of small percentages may not be closely related genetically, but rather, similar in physical appearance.
KAM LYT MAR L.B. PH P(A) P(B) ARG MAR GLEN NOO KWA HAI
KAMLOOPS ---
LYTTON 1.16 ---
MARPOLE(EARLY) 0.85 0.59 ---
LOCARNO BEACH 1.08 0.96 1.35 ---
P.HAMMOND(EAR) 2.11 1.47 1.78 2.12 ----
PUGET A (STR) 1.79 0.64 1.32 1.24 1.24 ----
PUGET B(SK) 1.03 0.53 1.17 0.77 1.81 0.73 ----
ARGYLE 1.97 1.90 2.89 1.26 1.45 1.27 1.99 ---
MARPOLE (BASE) 5.24 4.97 5.01 4.74 4.17 7.08 6.24 7.66 ----
GLENROSE(SMPH) 2.04 2.20 3.03 2.78 4.98 3.00 2.59 3.37 12.43----
NOOTKA 0.87 0.46 0.64 0.82 1.48 0.92 0.91 1.55 6.08 3.27 ---
KWAKIUTL 1.33 0.93 1.03 0.99 1.68 1.13 1.06 1.86 4.93 4.62 0.47 ---
HAIDA 0.85 0.37 0.89 0.76 1.50 0.59 0.42 1.57 7.43 2.71 0.70 0.65 ---
CHINOOK 1.63 0.59 1.10 0.85 1.58 0.54 0.45 2.15 7.02 3.53 0.45 0.890.63
NOTE: Relationships based upon undeformed, or least deformed, measurements. All populations are clustered physical type means, rather than simple site or tribal means. All individuals are transformed into their 18-30 years old male equivalent.
Using the Coefficient of Racial Alikeness on undeformed, or least deformed, measurements. All populations are clustered physical type means, rather than simple site or tribal means. All individuals are transformed into their 18-30 years old male equivalent.
MONGOLOID RACE DENEID TYPE-Derived from the Athabascan term of "Dene", meaning people. Refers to most peoples of the Pacific Northwest. --NA DENE GROUP ----ATHABASCAN ----HAIDA ----TLINGIT --PENUTIAN GROUP ----CHINOOK ----TSIMSHIAN --WAKASHAN GROUP ----NOOTKA ----KWAKIUTL - Features of the Kwakiutl inndicate either natural -----variation, or more likely, inbreedingg with another group long -----ago (perhaps either Argyle, Port Hammmond, or even Locarno Beach -----Types). --SALISH GROUP ----LYTTON - A very centralized group amonng the Deneid physical types, -----indicating probable similarities to aan ancestral Salish physical -----type. Located on the upper/middle Fraaser River. Since no -----stratigraphic dating is available forr the Lytton skeletons, it -----may be that the suggested more recentt Puget physical type may be -----the progenitor of the Fraser Canyon SSalish. (see Puget Type -----below). --MARPOLE SITE (EARLY MARPOLE PHASE) - Loccated near Vancouver, Fraser ---Delta, this physical type is found in tthe lower levels of the Marpole site, ---and dates to about 500 BC to 200 AD. Thhis physical type is found throughout ---the region, especially during the Marpoole phase, as a half-breed or ---intermixed type, and has less of a geneetic input after about 200 AD. -----PUGET (A) TYPE - A poorly defined geoographic group, but distinct from -----other physical types. This type may be a variant of the Lytton type, or -----perhaps even ancestral to it (see Lytton type). The Puget type is -----ancestral to the core Straits Saliish (Lummi, Saanitch, and Songish), -----originating around Semiahmoo/Birchh Bay, East Sound, Orcas Island about 550 -----BC. The Puget type became regionallly (Fraser River to Whidbey Island) -----dominant after 300 - 400 AD, replaacing the earlier dominant Marpole -----physical type. ----PUGET (B) TYPE - Also, a poorly defineed type, but distinct from other -----type, and Puget (A), as well. Becomes somewhat noticeable only recently, -----possibly representing an interbreed group of Puget (A). LOCARNO BEACH TYPE - Physical type found at the Fraser Delta during the Locarno Beach Phase (about 1200 BC to 500 BC). (Skeletal data in Beattie 1980). During the Marpole phase there were probably Locarno Beach individuals in the Gulf Islands or eastern Vancouver Island. This physical type re-established genetic input into the region beginning about 600 AD. It is unknown whether the Locarno Beach type were actually Salish speakers. They were not purebred related to the Marpole type people, who were ancestral to many Straits and Halkomelem Salish. It seems likely that they adopted Salish language. KAMLOOPS TYPE (?) - Possibly not a Deneid group, or possibly is representative of the Lytton type interbred with the Glenrose type several thousands of years ago. There is a slight indication that this interior group had genetic flow to the Fraser Delta and beyond, perhaps earlier than 200 BC, and ending about 100-200 AD. PORT HAMMOND PHYSICAL TYPE - A physical type with few representative individuals, centered to the east of the Fraser Delta, and south to Whatcom County. This type was earliest at the Port Hammond site, and had some genetic influence in the region during about 100 BC to 500 AD. ARGYLE PHYSICAL TYPE - Known from individuals in the deepest layer of Argyle Lagoon, east-central San Juan Island, and also the Locarno Beach level of SW Lopez Island. This type was rather dominant in Samish territory, and lesser so on Whidbey Island, diminishing sometime between 100 BC - 800 AD (with Puget and Locarno Beach physical type intrusions). The Argyle type is representative of an old, isolated, Mongoloid group, with many cold-adapted physical traits, suggesting genetic isolation possibly during the last Ice Age. Argyle origins may link to a branch of the Columbia River Cascade Phase people, who occupied the Puget Sound mouth 7,000 to 9,000 years ago (Olcott Phase people), with a likely migration to the shorelines of east and north Vancouver Island 6,000 to 7,000 years ago. It is possible that the Locarno Beach people were Deneid Salish bred with the Argyle type. AUSTRAL/ASIAN NON-MONGOLOID RACE GLENROSE PHYSICAL TYPE - A very isolated group related to SE Oregon populations 10,000 years ago. This is concluded from the distinctiveness of the skeletal type, and compared to hundreds of prehistoric North American and world wide groups (of the groups compared, the closest relationship is to the Kawumkum Springs, S. Oregon and Karlo physical types, NE California 3,000 to 7,000 years ago). These people were closely related to the early SE Asian/pre Mongoloid Race (e.g. - Australian aborigines and the Ainu of Japan). This would indicate a probable early migration to America 20,000 to 40,000 years ago. The Glenrose type occupied the Fraser Delta from about 9,000 to about 3,000 years ago. They may not have been as numerous as surrounding groups, and were probably very dissimilar to them. This may have resulted in their massacre or eventually being bred out by early Marpole times (as suggested by a few half-breed individuals at the Marpole site and Glenrose site).
CRANIAL ABBREVIATION GUIDE | |
GOL Glabella Occipital Length XCB Maximum Cranial Breadth BBH Basion Bregma Height FRC Frontal Chord (Nasion-Bregma) BNL Basion Nasion Length WFB Minimum Frontal Breadth XFB Maximum Frontal Breadth ZYB Bizygomatic Breadth FMB Upper Facial Breadth (FMT-FMT) BIO Biorbital Breadth (EK-EK) CCV Cranial Capacity (Volume) CRC Cranial Circumference FRA Frontal Arc (Nasion-Bregma) PAA Parietal Arc (Bregma-Lambda) OCA Occipital Arc (Lambda-Opisthion) FOL Foramen Magnum Length (Bas-Opisth) FOB Foramen Magnum Breadth BPL Basion Prosthion Length NPH Nasion Prosthion Length ZMB Mid Facial Breath (ZM-ZM) |
OAB Anterior Interorbital Breadth (MF-MF) OPB Posterior Interorbital Breadth (LA-LA)OMB Orbit Breadth (MF-EK) OLB Orbit Breadth (LA-EK) OBH Orbit Height NSB Nasal Breadth (Alare-Alare) NSH Nasal Height (Nasion-Nasiospinali) NWB Nasalia, Minimum Breadth (Simotic) NXB Nasalia, Maximum Breadth MAL Maxillo Alveolar Length MAB Maxillo Alveolar Breadth (EctoMal.-Ectom) PAL Palatal Length PAB Palatal Breadth CNB BiCondylar Breadth GNB BiGonial Breadth RMB Ramus Ascending Breadth, minimum RMH Ramus Height SYH Symphysial Height (Chin) |
KAMLOOPS LYTTON MARPOLE LOCARNO PORT PUGET PUGET ARGYLE MARPOLE
(EARLY) BEACH HAMMOND (A) (B) (BASE)
(EARLY) STR SK
________________________________________________________________________
Size* 0.940 1.011 0.954 1.025 0.999 1.025 1.013 1.016
GOL 182.1 174.2 (181.3) 181.9 (172.8) (178.6) (200.7)
XCB 147.3 139.4 (142.6) 140.2 (129.9) (133.7) (131.0)
BBH 138.0 131.3 (137.4) 140.4 (129.3) (130.7) (141.9)
FRC 116.3 108.1
BNL 105.3 101.0 (103.9) (102.2)
WFB 92.8 ( 93.8) 95.4 ( 95.9) ( 87.3)
XFB 120.0 117.3 (117.6) (109.3)
ZYB 140.5 134.2 (137.5) 138.5 (135.9)
FMB 106.1 108.9
BIO 99.5 97.7 94.5
CCV 1391.7 1279.5 1382.3 1435.9 1363.8 1379.3 1363.9
CRC 582.5 499.8 512.3 513.9 501.7 501.4 512.0 (534.1) 529.1
FRA 132.9 122.0 126.4 128.5 116.7 115.4 122.6 123.1
PAA 114.7 117.3 117.9 105.2 105.7 103.3 127.2
OCA 122.3 110.1 112.1 106.4 106.3 115.1 109.1
FOL 37.3 33.8 34.8 35.5 34.4 35.1 41.3
FOB 30.8 29.5 29.2 30.2 29.8
BPL 103.1 101.5 102.6 102.5 96.6 103.5 100.8 (101.7) 87.2
NPH 70.9 70.5 72.6 70.4 74.9 70.9 71.4 (71.2) 77.7
ZMB 99.8 98.2 96.6 97.3 101.1 100.6 100.9 (98.7) 91.1
OAB 18.4 18.3 16.0 17.0 19.0 18.9
OPB 21.8 22.2 20.9 22.7 23.9 23.3
OMB 42.7 42.9 44.6 43.8 43.7 41.6
OLB 39.0 39.2 40.4 37.3 40.5 39.4 37.4 39.4 39.4
OBH 35.8 34.9 38.0 36.0 35.6 36.3 34.6 35.3 33.4
NSB 24.4 24.9 25.4 23.1 22.3 25.0 25.1 23.9 22.2
NSH 53.2 51.7 49.7 53.8 48.9 50.3 51.5 52.8 60.5
NWB 9.2 8.6 7.5 9.9 8.0 9.2
NXB 15.5 16.5 14.7 16.5 14.9 16.7
MAL 52.6 54.5 52.5 51.6 55.5 55.2 53.2 57.2
MAB 64.0 65.6 65.7 63.0 59.5 65.1 66.9 58.7
PAL 47.3 46.1 49.2 45.7 48.4 45.7 42.9 48.4
PAB 40.8 41.9 41.9 36.0 40.3 41.0 42.9 32.8
CNB 116.0 122.4 123.1 121.7 122.0
GNB 101.0 101.1 100.7 101.6 111.6 104.3 100.9
RMB 35.1 36.3 37.5 37.6 36.5 34.6 35.6 34.2
RMH 59.6 58.1 59.5 63.1 67.6 64.0 57.3 69.9
SYH 32.5 35.9 35.2 35.0 36.0 34.9 32.8
(NOTE: THESE ARE SIZE ADJUSTED MEASUREMENTS. To obtain absolute values,
multiply each variable by the individual group SIZE*, listed at the top of the
left hand column.)
GLENROSE NOOTKA KWAKIUTL HAIDA CHINOOK
(ST MUNGO
PHASE )
______________________________________________________________________
Size* 0.980 0.975 1.012 1.033 0.998
GOL 187.0 174.5
XCB 136.0 139.4
BBH 136.2 133.4
FRC 108.0
BNL 100.0
WFB 106.2 91.8
XFB 113.4
ZYB 130.5 136.9
FMB 106.6
BIO 100.3
CCV 1336.3 1401.2 1360.5 1380.0
CRC 508.3 512.4 510.2 503.0 509.6
FRA 128.9 127.5 125.7 124.0 119.4
PAA 121.6 116.5 115.9 116.3 106.7
OCA 121.8 120.6 115.0 109.9
FOL 32.4 35.5 34.9 34.5 34.9
FOB 23.9 30.9 28.8 29.2 30.6
BPL 110.1 102.7 99.3 100.4 102.7
NPH 60.6 74.4 76.3 72.1 73.8
ZMB 96.9 98.8 98.9 100.6 102.2
OAB 16.4 17.2 19.0 18.5
OPB 21.9 22.6 23.1 23.0
OMB 43.3 44.0 42.5 42.8
OLB 38.5 39.3 39.6 38.8 38.9
OBH 33.8 37.0 38.5 35.1 36.6
NSB 24.5 24.0 23.2 25.2 23.5
NSH 50.8 54.0 53.5 50.0 53.9
NWB 6.5 7.3 8.0 7.8
NXB 13.9 15.8 17.0 14.4
MAL 55.4 54.0 53.5 53.4
MAB 66.2 65.8 65.4 67.8
PAL 48.3 48.9 47.0 46.0 45.5
PAB 39.3 42.4 39.7 42.4 43.4
CNB 114.7 119.2 (128.1)
GNB 99.0 99.4 ( 99.6)
RMB 35.6 37.3 ( 36.5)
RMH 60.6 62.7 ( 58.8)
SYH 35.3 33.9 ( 33.4)
(NOTE: THESE ARE SIZE ADJUSTED MEASUREMENTS. To obtain absolute values,
multiply each variable by the individual group SIZE*, listed at the top of the
left hand column.)
SITE NAME: HIDDEN INLET, SW LOPEZ ISLAND
ID# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
AGE 35-50 Mature 12 Adult (Adult) Mature Mature
SEX F M M M (F) F M
_______________________________________________________________
GOL 199+-1 180 177
XCB 132+-6 128 143
BBH 140+-6 137+-2 136.5
BNL 102 102 105.0
ZYB 143+-3
BPL 100.8
NPH 70.5
OAB 22.2
OLB 39.5
OBH 39+-1 37.8
NSB 24.0
NSH 52
MAB 58.0
CNB 132.0
GNB 111.5
RMB 35.5 39.2 40.0
RMH 54.0 53.5 58.2
SYH 33.0 36.0
MISC: CI 67.0 Lambdoid Left
Deformed Deform Side
Only
Locarno Locarno
Beach Beach
Level Level
On Site On Site
(Carlson Morris Reburial Reburial
1950) 1982
MEASURED 1982 BY AUTHOR GARY J. MORRIS
SITE NAME: WATMOUGH BAY, SE LOPEZ ISLAND
ID# A B C D E
AGE AD/MAT ADULT ADULT
SEX (F) M F (M) (F)
_______________________________________________________________
GOL 163.0 168.5 157.0 160.0
XCB 135.0 150.5 140.5 150.0
BBH (119.0) 136.0 120.0 133.0
BNL 99.5 92.0
ZYB 137.6 138.0 126.0 (135.5) 135.0
FRA 115.0 130.5 110.5 110.5
PAA 118.0 120.6
BPL 107.5 105.5 99.5
NPH 65.5 69.0 70.5 68.0 68.0
OLB 37.0 39.0 39.0 35.0 38.5
OBH 34.5 33.0 35.0 32.5 34.5
NSB 22.0 26.0 25.5 24.0 25.5
NSH 49.5 49.0 50.5 52.5 52.5
MAB 63.5 63.0 62.0 64.5 60.0
MISC:
SITE
DEPTH 100-110 130-150 115-125
MEASURED 1982 BY AUTHOR GARY J. MORRIS
AT UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON
ROUGH ESTIMATED AGE OF 1000-2000 YEARS OLD
CCV CRC FRA PAA OCA FOL FOB BPL NPH ZMB OAB OPB OMB OLB OBH
CCV ---
CRC .30 ---
FRA .24 .35 ---
PAA .37 .24 .25 ---
OCA -.02 .22 -.02 -.41 ---
FOL .09 .16 .11 .02 -.18 ---
FOB .07 -.04 .08 .10 -.09 .30 ---
BPL -.20 -.03 .21 -.06 .07 .04 .02 ---
NPH .01 -.12 .09 .08 -.16 .03 .06 -.02 ---
ZMB .24 -.02 -.18 -.01 -.21 -.02 -.09 .17 .19 ---
OAB -.05 -.20 -.45 -.08 -.09 -.21 -.14 -.14 -.04 .07 ---
OPB -.07 -.18 -.39 -.16 -.13 .02 -.26 -.20 -.14 .04 .56 ---
OMB -.08 .31 .07 -.13 .23 .07 .10 .09 .11 -.01 -.50 -.22 ---
OLB -.15 .28 .14 .02 .20 .08 .13 .25 -.13 -.07 -.42 -.33 .81 ---
OBH -.07 .16 .02 -.07 .03 -.04 -.02 -.31 .22 .01 -.24 -.32 .10 .11 ---
NSB -.12 -.04 .01 .02 -.09 -.02 -.19 -.14 .14 .18 .05 .09 .06 .03 -.12
NSH .12 .15 -.07 .01 -.04 .19 -.12 -.16 .38 .25 -.09 -.11 -.11 -.12 .26
NWB -.18 -.25 -.07 -.19 -.10 -.30 -.13 -.26 -.27 -.20 .28 .23 -.28 -.33 -.17
NXB -.29 -.47 -.12 -.28 -.17 -.33 -.24 -.02 -.02 .05 .13 .19 -.20 -.18 -.11
MAL -.13 -.18 .11 -.01 -.09 .15 .02 .54 .11 .00 -.28 -.15 -.13 -.12 -.28
MAB -.12 -.04 -.03 .02 -.02 .06 -.12 .17 .16 .20 -.13 -.05 .05 .00 .09
PAL -.19 -.16 .04 -.08 -.04 -.04 -.14 .35 .05 .00 -.40 -.15 .01 .04 -.08
PAB -.29 -.07 -.08 .01 .06 .03 -.10 .15 .03 .15 .02 -.13 .09 .14 -.05
CNB -.02 .32 -.06 .16 -.19 .01 .25 -.35 .21 .32 .20 .14 -.19 -.20 .37
GNB -.16 -.08 -.30 -.51 .32 -.08 .05 -.17 .29 .09 -.20 -.11 .07 -.03 .27
RMB -.17 .10 -.32 -.33 .07 -.04 .00 -.03 .12 -.01 .02 .04 -.05 .07 .05
RMH .23 .07 .15 .01 .13 .19 .07 .01 .00 -.23 -.10 -.15 .21 .15 -.15
SYH .15 -.02 .14 -.11 .21 -.08 .12 -.25 .38 -.21 -.25 -.23 -.19 -.13 .06
NSB NSH NWB NXB MAL MAB PAL PAB CNB GNB RMB RMH SYH
NSB ---
NSH -.04 ---
NWB -.01 -.18 ---
NXB .14 -.31 .17 ---
MAL -.10 -.13 -.16 .08 ---
MAB -.12 .16 -.17 -.19 .10 ---
PAL -.04 -.15 -.16 .25 .61 -.06 ---
PAB -.04 .03 -.07 -.23 .01 .54 -.12 ---
CNB .26 .19 -.22 -.56 -.44 -.13 -.46 .21 ---
GNB -.04 .30 -.12 -.21 -.37 -.26 -.22 .06 .15 ---
RMB -.22 .40 -.01 -.21 -.15 -.30 -.05 -.11 .02 .33 ---
RMH -.15 -.14 -.15 -.07 -.19 .03 -.16 .08 -.15 -.07 -.30 ---
SYH -.34 -.09 .01 .07 .22 -.18 .07 -.34 -.26 .03 -.08 -.04 ---
NOTE: About 75-100 individuals used for the cranium, and about 30-50 for the
jaw.
GOL XCB BBH
GOL ---
XCB -.09 ---
BBH -.01 .45 ---
CCV -.17 .37 .63
CRC .76 .38 .19
FRA .17 .17 .72
PAA .12 -.20 .43
OCA .26 .41 -.20
OCC .07 .21 .51
BNL .48 .06 .29
FOL .09 -.08 .40
FOB -.04 -.05 .22
WFB .17 -.06 -.10
XFB .15 .41 .33
BPL .00 .16 .37
NPH -.15 -.37 .18
ZYB .06 -.02 .01
FMB .41 -.09 -.16
ZMB .05 -.47 .32
BIO .31 .15 .07
OAB -.02 -.19 -.06
OPB .19 -.23 -.22
OMB .47 .18 -.16
OLB .49 .15 -.16
OBH -.05 .11 -.14
NSB .05 .07 -.11
NSH .18 -.25 .08
NWB .43 -.08 -.54
NXB -.36 -.24 -.30
MAL -.27 -.09 .21
MAB -.12 -.10 -.10
PAL -.22 -.06 -.03
PAB .00 -.02 -.34
CCV
FRC .06
BNL .03
WFB .14
XFB .51
ZYB .03
FMB -.33
BIO -.15
------PERCENT OF ADULT----- SEXUAL COEFFICIENT
JUVENILE JUVENILE/ ADULT ADULT/ MATURE SENIOR DIMORPHISM VARIATION
ADULT MATURE FEMALE/ (WITHIN
AGE 6-18 16-22 18-30 25-35 30-60 60-70 MALE FAMILY
MEAN 12 18 25 30 45 65 TRIBE)
__________________________________________________________________________
GOL 97.07% 98.41% 100% 100.75% 101.25% 101.5% 95.46% 2.59%
XCB 99.25 99.5 100 100.25 100.5 100.5 96.46 3.09
BBH 97.27 98.51 100 101.0 101.75 102.26 95.06 3.76
FRC 97.51 98.75 100 100.9 101.6 102.0 96.25 3.55
BNL 94.57 98.01 100 101.25 102.3 102.8 94.65 3.20
WFB 99.25 99.5 100 100.75 101.25 101.5 97.03 3.72
XFB 99.0 99.5 100 100.75 101.25 101.5 95.7 2.95
ZYB 92.17 97.01 100 100.85 101.95 102.25 92.9 2.13
FMB 94.96 98.48 100 101.5 101.75 102.0 96.52 2.65
BIO 95.00 98.5 100 101.5 101.75 102.00 95.5 1.87
CCV 97.76 98.90 100 100.75 101.25 101.5 89.28 5.62
CRC 97.61 98.8 100 100.8 101.35 101.65 95.47 2.05
FRA 98.75 99.25 100 100.65 101.05 101.2 94.34 4.08
PAA 97.27 98.75 100 100.5 100.75 100.75 96.73 6.60
OCA 99.5 99.75 100 100.95 101.5 102.0 96.75 5.78
FOL 100.2 100.0 100 100.0 99.75 99.5 95.13 4.97
FOB 97.3 98.5 100 100.75 101.25 101.5 95.3 5.27
BPL 92.87 97.4 100 101.5 101.75 102.0 94.71 3.04
NPH 91.01 96.77 100 101.25 102.77 103.53 94.44 3.41
ZMB 92.17 97.26 100 101.5 101.75 102.0 93.04 2.93
OAB 98.69 100.9 100 100.5 101.25 101.25 95.73 7.87
OPB 94.0 98.0 100 101.0 101.5 101.5 96.2 6.49
OMB 94.26 97.99 100 101.5 101.75 102.0 96.48 3.14
OLB 95.43 98.48 100 101.5 101.75 102.0 96.5 3.20
OBH 96.36 98.96 100 100.0 100.0 100.0 97.95 4.47
NSB 92.73 97.4 100 101.5 101.75 102.0 97.27 5.23
NSH 90.31 96.53 100 100.8 101.85 102.15 94.03 4.37
NWB 100.0 100.0 100 101.5 101.75 102.0 98.04 15.47
NXB 96.0 98.5 100 101.5 101.75 102.0 97.7 11.42
MAL 85.65 94.09 100 101.5 101.75 102.0 95.12 4.02
MAB 96.13 99.21 100 99.25 99.20 99.25 94.63 4.05
PAL 89.84 96.28 100 101.5 101.75 102.0 95.71 3.82
PAB 91.7 97.26 100 101.5 101.75 102.0 95.41 4.49
CNB (99) 100 103.6 104.1 95.91 3.46
GNB (96) 100 104.4 104.95 94.1 4.78
RMB (94) 100 101.8 102.4 94.05 5.52
RMH (90) 100 104.1 101.15 92.33 5.98
SYH (91) 100 101.9 103.55 94.86 6.24
*****MEANS OF 50-1000 INDIVIDUALS FROM SALISH, DENEID, AND SOME OTHER NORTH
AMERICAN MONGOLOID GROUPS