Social Studies Entry Knowledge

Geography
Standard: 1
Understands the characteristics and uses of maps, globes, and other geographic tools and technologies 

1. Knows the basic elements of maps and globes (title, legend, cardinal and intermediate directions, scale, grid, principal parallels, meridians, projection)
2. Interprets topography using aerial photos and maps
3. Uses map grids (latitude and longitude or alphanumeric system) to plot absolute location

1. Knows the location of school, home, neighborhood, community, state, and country
2. Knows major physical and human features of places as they are represented on maps and globes (shopping areas, fast food restaurants, fire stations, largest cities, rivers, lakes, wetlands, recreation areas, historic sites, landforms, locations of places discussed in history, language arts, science, and other school subjects)
3. Knows the location of major cities in North America
4. Knows the approximate location of major continents, mountain ranges, and bodies of water on Earth

1. Identifies physical and human features in terms of the four spatial elements (locations [point], transportation and communication routes [line], regions [area], lakes filled with water [volume])
2. Knows the absolute and relative location of a community and places within it (parks, stores, landmarks)
3. Knows patterns on the landscape produced by physical processes (the drainage basin of a river system, the ridge-and-valley pattern of the Appalachians, vegetation on the windward and leeward sides of a mountain range)
4. Understands the spatial organization of places through such concepts as location, distance, direction, scale, movement, and region
5. Understands how changing transportation and communication technology have affected relationships between locations
6. Knows different methods used to measure distance (miles, kilometers, time, cost, perception)

1. Knows the physical and human characteristics of the local community (neighborhoods, schools, parks, creeks, shopping areas, airports, museums, sports stadiums, hospitals)
2. Knows that places can be defined in terms of their predominant human and physical characteristics (rural, urban, forest, desert; or by types of landforms, vegetation, water bodies, climate)
3. Knows how the characteristics of places are shaped by physical and human processes (effects of agriculture on changing land use and vegetation; effects of settlement on the building of roads; relationship of population distribution to landforms, climate, vegetation, or resources)

1. Knows areas that can be classified as regions according to physical criteria (landform regions, soil regions, vegetation regions, climate regions, water basins) and human criteria (political regions, population regions, economic regions, language regions)
2. Knows the characteristics of a variety of regions (landform, climate, vegetation, shopping, housing, manufacturing, religion, language)
3. Understands how regions change over time and the consequences of these changes (changes in population size or ethnic composition; construction of a new shopping center, a regional hospital, or a new manufacturing plant; changes in transportation; changes in environmental conditions)
4. Knows how regions are similar and different in form and function (local neighborhoods versus Central Business District)

1. Understands ways in which people view and relate to places and regions differently (how children, mothers, joggers, and city park workers view a park)

1. Knows the components of ecosystems at a variety of scales (fungi, insects, plants, and animals in a food chain or food web; fish and marine vegetation in coastal zones; grasses, birds, and insects in grassland areas)
2. Knows ways in which humans can change ecosystems (clearing forests, widening channels of waterways, draining wetlands, wetting or suppressing fires)
3. Knows plants and animals associated with various vegetation and climatic regions on Earth (the plant and animal life supported in a midlatitude forest in North America, the kinds of plants and animals found in a tropical rain forest in Africa, animals and trees that thrive in cities)

1. Understands the characteristics of populations at a variety of scales (ethnicity, age distribution, number of families and single households, number of employed and unemployed, males and females, life expectancy, infant mortality)
2. Knows the spatial distribution of population (that population density is higher east of the Mississippi River than west of it, population density is higher on the East Coast and West Coast than in the mountains and deserts of the western part of the country, few people live where it is very dry or very cold)
3. Understands voluntary and involuntary migration
4. Knows the causes and effects of human migration (European colonists and African slaves to America, movement of people from drought areas in Africa, movement of people from East Asia to North America, effects of physical geography on national and international migration, cultural factors)

1. Knows the modes of transportation used to move people, products and ideas from place to place (barges, airplanes, automobiles, pipelines, ships, railroads), their importance and their advantages and disadvantages
2. Knows the factors that are important in the location of economic activities (warehouses and industries near major transportation routes, fast-food restaurants in highly accessible locations close to population concentrations, production sites near the sources of their raw materials or close to the consumers who buy their products)
3. Knows economic activities that use natural resources in the local region, state, and nation (agriculture, mining, fishing, forestry) and the importance of the activities to these areas
4. Knows how transportation and communication have changed and how they have affected trade and economic activities (regions can specialize economically; with improved roads and refrigerated trucking, more fresh fruits and vegetables are available out of season; regional, national, and global markets expand as transportation and communication systems improve)
5. Knows the various ways in which people satisfy their basic needs and wants through the production of goods and services in different regions of the world (growing food and shopping for food in a developing vs. a developed society, economic activities in a rural region vs. those in an urban region in the same U.S. state)
6. Knows how regions are linked economically and how trade affects the way people earn their living in each region (the flow of fuels from Southwest Asia to industrialized, energy-poor regions of the world; the flow of electronic goods from Pacific Rim nations to the United States)

1. Understands why people choose to settle in different places (job opportunities, available land, climate)
2. Knows the similarities and differences in housing and land use in urban and suburban areas (where people live, where services are provided, where products are made, types of housing, yard size, population density, transportation facilities, presence of infrastructure elements such as sidewalks and street lights)
3. Knows areas of dense human settlement and why they are densely populated (fertile soil, good transportation, and availability of water in the Ganges River Valley; availability of coal, iron, and other natural resources and river transportation in the Ruhr)
4. Knows reasons for similarities and differences in the population size and density of different regions (length of settlement, environment and resources, cultural traditions, historic events, accessibility)
5. Knows the settlement patterns that characterize the development of a community or state (from the movement of people into an area previously unoccupied to the competition among villages for economic dominance and growth; from a small number of dispersed settlers with few services to the modern pattern of suburbanization and decentralization)
6. Knows reasons for the growth and decline of settlements (boomtowns to ghost towns in mining areas, the rise or decline of towns linked or not linked by highways or railroads, the history of company or single-industry towns in periods of prosperity or recession)
7. Knows the characteristics and locations of cities (location along transportation routes, availability of resources, continued access to other cities and resources) and how cities have changed over time (the movement of industry from downtown to the edge of cities, suburban growth, changes in the shapes of urban areas)
8. Knows similarities and differences among the world's culture hearths (culture groups' places of origin), why humans settled in those places and why these settlements persist today (as centers of innovation and cultural, social, economic, and political development that attract people from other places)

1. Knows ways that people solve common problems by cooperating (working in groups to pick up trash along a road, participating in a neighborhood crime-watch group, participating in community house-building projects)
2. Knows examples of world conflict or cooperation (countries in trade pacts, areas of the world with refugee problems)
3. Knows the functions of political units (law-making, law enforcement, provision of services, powers of taxation) and how they differ on the basis of scale (precinct, census district, school attendance zone, township, metropolitan area, county, state, nation)
4. Knows how and why people divide Earth's surface into political and/or economic units (states in the United States and Mexico; provinces in Canada; countries in North and South America; countries linked in cooperative relationships, such as the European Union)
5. Knows how and why people compete for control of Earth's surface (ethnic or national differences, desire for political control, economic inequalities)

1. Knows ways in which people depend on the physical environment (food, clean air, water, mineral resources)
2. Knows the ways people alter the physical environment (by creating irrigation projects; clearing the land to make room for houses and shopping centers; planting crops; building roads)
3. Knows the ways in which the physical environment is stressed by human activities (changes in climate, air pollution, water pollution, expanding human settlement)
4. Knows how human activities have increased the ability of the physical environment to support human life in the local community, state, United States, and other countries (use of irrigation and dry-land farming techniques to improve crop yields, reforestation to prevent erosion, flood-control projects to make land habitable)

1. Knows how humans adapt to variations in the physical environment (choices of clothing, housing styles, agricultural practices, recreational activities, food, daily and seasonal patterns of life)
2. Knows how communities benefit from the physical environment (people make their living by farming on fertile land, fishing in local water, working in mines; the community is a port located on a natural harbor, a tourist center located in a scenic or historic area, an industrial center with good access to natural resources)
3. Knows the ways in which human activities are constrained by the physical environment (effects of weather, climate and landforms on agriculture, recreational activities, availability of water, expansion of settlement)
4. Knows natural hazards that occur in the physical environment (floods, wind storms, tornadoes, earthquakes)

1. Knows the role that resources play in our daily lives (resources used to generate electricity; resources used to produce automobiles, medicines, clothing, and food)
2. Knows the characteristics, location, and use of renewable resources (timber), flow resources (running water or wind), and nonrenewable resources (fossil fuels, minerals)
3. Knows how settlement patterns are influenced by the discovery and use of resources (Colorado mining towns as centers of settlement in the late 19th century, the growth of industry and cities along the fall line of the Appalachians starting in the 18th century)
4. Knows the relationships between economic activities and resources (the relationship of major industrial districts to the location of iron ore, coal, and other resources)
5. Knows the major transportation routes that link resources with consumers and the transportation modes used (ships, pipelines, barges, railroads)
6. Knows advantages and disadvantages of recycling and reusing different types of materials
7. Knows the different ways in which resources are used and valued in different regions of the world (the use of wood in the United States for construction compared to the use of wood in the Dominican Republic for fuel)

1. Knows how areas of a community have changed over time (in terms of, e.g., size and style of homes; how people earn their living; changes in the plant and animal population)
2. Knows the factors that have contributed to changing land use in a community (street and road development, population shifts, regulations governing land use)
3. Knows the ways in which changes in people's perceptions of environments have influenced human migration and settlement over time (the history of oil discovery and its effect on migration in different United States regions such as Pennsylvania, Louisiana, or Texas)
4. Knows the geographic factors that have influenced people and events in the past (the effects of the site of a Civil War battle on the course of the conflict, how trade routes followed by early European colonists were linked to the trade winds, how Muslim trading vessels used monsoon winds to cross the Indian Ocean in the 8th century)

1. Knows the relationship between population growth and resource use
2. Knows the ways in which resources can be managed and why it is important to do so (soil conservation practices, recycling nonrenewable resources)
3. Knows how differences in perception affect people's interpretations of the world (how different groups of people perceive the same place, environment, or event; how children raised in different societies have different views regarding personal life, education, and aspirations)
4. Knows human-induced changes that are taking place in different regions and the possible future impacts of these changes (development and conservation issues in terms of the wetland of coastal New Jersey)

World History

1. Understands the biological and cultural processes that shaped the earliest human communities
2. Understands scientific evidence regarding early hominid evolution in Africa (daily life of individuals and communities in early hunter-gatherer populations;  major anthropological discoveries, their locations, and their discoverers)
3. Understands the social and cultural characteristics of hunter-gatherer communities in various continental regions (similarities and differences between hunter-gatherer communities in Africa, Eurasia, and the Americas and their responses to local environments; characteristics of Cro-Magnon communities of western Eurasia;  location and composition of archaeological discoveries and what understanding these bring to Neanderthal culture and community life)

1. Understands the role of agriculture in early settled communities (how archaeological evidence explains the technology, social organization, and cultural life of settled farming communities in Southwest Asia;  differences between wild and domestic plants and animals; how patterns of settlement were influenced by agricultural practices)
2. Understands the development of early agricultural communities in different regions of the world (differences between hunter-gatherer, fishing, and agrarian communities; social, cultural, and economic characteristics of large agricultural settlements and their unique problems;  the development of tropical agriculture in Southeast Asia)

1. Understands influences on the development of various civilizations in the 4th and 3rd millennia BCE (how the natural environment of the Tigris-Euphrates, Nile, and Indus Valleys shaped the early development of civilization; different characteristics of urban development in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley)
2. Understands the characteristics of writing forms in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley and how written records shaped political, legal, religious, and cultural life
3. Understands how economic, political, and environmental factors influenced the civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley (the impact of trade networks connecting various regions of Southwest Asia on Mesopotamian civilization; the importance of commercial, cultural, and political connections between Egypt and peoples of Nubia along the upper Nile;  how geography and climate affected trade in the Nile Valley)

1. Understands how the development of different types of tools influenced Chinese civilization (the uses and significance of bronze tool-making technology, weapons, and luxury goods in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE;  the unique nature of Chinese writing tools, surfaces, and styles in the 2nd millennium BCE)
2. Understands significant characteristics of early Chinese society and religion (the influence of the natural environment on Huang He [Yellow River] civilization compared to its impact on Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley; early Chinese urban societies and how they compare to those of Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley,  the nature of Shang ancestor worship and what it illustrates about concepts of life and death in Shang society)
3. Understands the role of technology in early agrarian societies (how the advent of the plow influenced new agrarian societies in Southwest Asia, the Mediterranean basin, and temperate Europe; how megalithic stone buildings, such as Stonehenge, indicate the emergence of complex agrarian societies in Europe;  changes for humankind and civilization brought on by the bow and arrow and by pottery; what physical evidence indicated about the characteristics of the agrarian society of ancient Egypt and the life of the Pharaoh)

1. Understands how the rise of pastoral societies was linked to the climate and geography of the Central Asian steppes, and how kinship-based pastoral society differed from the social organization of agrarian states
2. Understands how the invention of the chariot affected Southwest Asian societies (how the chariot changed transportation, the development of chariot warfare,  how the chariot contributed to the spread of new ideas and technology)
3. Understands characteristics of Mycenaean Greek society and culture (the political and social organization of the Mycenaean Greeks as revealed in archaeological and written records,  how geography influenced the development of Mycenaean society, the significance of the story of the siege of Troy)
4. Understands possible causes of the decline and collapse of Indus Valley civilization (possible causes for the disappearance of cities such as Mohenjo-Daro, the role environmental changes played in the fall of Indus cities)

1. Understands patterns of Phoenician political organization, culture, and trade in the Mediterranean basin (dominant trade routes, traded goods of major Phoenician port cities such as Carthage)
2. Understands the development of Greek city-states (common features of Greek city-states in the Aegean region; the political, social, and legal character of the polis;  how geography influenced the location and development of Greek city-states)
3. Understands elements of Judaism and how it compares to other religions (the differences between Jewish monotheism and the polytheism of Southwest Asia,  the ethical teachings of Judaism illustrated in stories from the Hebrew Scriptures, the major events in the early history of Judaism through the Babylonian Captivity)
4. Understands major technological, military, and political events in the development of Kushite society (the importance of Nile Valley trade and the decline of the New Kingdom as factors in the rise of the Kushite state in the 1st millennium BCE,  how iron was used in Kushite society and which uses were most important to the kingdom)
5. Understands characteristics of pastoral nomadic societies (the importance of the horse to the development of pastoral nomadism and cavalry warfare; reasons for conflict and economic interdependence between pastoral nomadic peoples of Central Asia and major agrarian states of Eurasia,  the location and range of nomadic peoples in the 1st millennium BCE and how they moved their herds and belongings)
6. Understands geographical and architectural features of Egypt and Kush (the locations of Egypt and Kush on the African continent and the geographic features that either assisted or hampered communication between these two kingdoms, what architectural evidence suggests about the relationship between Egypt and Kush)

1. Understands the social and political characteristics of Greek city-states (significant similarities and differences between Athenian democracy and Spartan military aristocracy; hierarchical relationships in Greek societies and the civic, economic, and social tasks performed by men and women of different classes;  the location and political structure of the major Greek city-states)
2. Understands the major cultural elements of Greek society (the major characteristics of Hellenic sculpture, architecture, and pottery and how they reflected or influenced social values and culture;  characteristics of Classical Greek art and architecture and how they are reflected in modern art and architecture; Socrates' values and ideas as reflected in his trial; how Greek gods and goddesses represent non-human entities, and how gods, goddesses, and humans interact in Greek myths)
3. Understands significant military developments of the Persian Empire (major events of the wars between Persia and the Greek city-states; reasons for Persia's failure to conquer the Aegean region;  the growth of and geographic influences on the Persian Empire, from the reign of Cyrus I through the wars with Greece; sources of the conflict between the Greeks and the Persians; the four major battles of the Persian wars)
4. Understands Alexander's achievements as a military and political leader (reasons for the disintegration of the empire into smaller areas after his rule;  the campaigns, battles, and cities founded in Alexander's imperial conquests)

1. Understands the origins and social framework of Roman society (the geographic location of different ethnic groups on the Italian peninsula in the late 6th century BCE and their influences on early Roman society and culture,  how legends of the founding of Rome describe ancient Rome and reflect the beliefs and values of its citizens, what life was like for the common people living in Rome and Pompeii)
2. Understands shifts in the political and social framework of Roman society (political and social institutions of the Roman Republic and reasons for its transformation from Republic to Empire;  how values changed from the early Republic to the last years of the Empire as reflected through the lives of such Romans as Cincinnatus, Scipio Africanus, Tiberius Gracchus, Cicero, Julius Caesar, Augustus, Nero, Marcus Aurelius, and Constantine)
3. Understands the significance of Jesus of Nazareth (the story of the life of Jesus, the messages of Jesus' prominent parables)
4. Understands events in the rise of Christianity (the life of Paul the Apostle and his contribution to the spread of Christian beliefs, how Christianity spread widely in the Roman Empire,  how the New Testament illustrates early Christian beliefs)
5. Understands the fundamental elements of Chinese society under the early imperial dynasties (policies and achievements of the Qin emperor Shi Huangdi, the life of Confucius and the fundamentals of Confucianism and Daoism,  what life was like for ordinary people in ancient China as illustrated in Chinese folktales)
6. Understands the commercial and cultural significance of the trans-Eurasian "silk roads" to the Roman and Chinese Empires and the peoples of Central Asia
7. Understands the origins of Buddhism and fundamental Buddhist beliefs (the life story of Buddha and his essential teachings; how the Buddhist teachings were a response to the Brahmanic system; the contributions of the emperor Ashoka to the expansion of Buddhism in India;  how Indian epic stories reflect social values, and how the Jakata tales reveal Buddhist teachings)

1. Understands the major characteristics and contributions of Olmec civilization (how maize cultivation influenced the development of the Olmec civilization, the major contributions of Olmec civilization to Mesoamerican civilization,  the achievements of Olmec civilization circa 1200 to 400 BCE, how geography influenced the development of Olmec civilization, the essential aspects of the Olmec civilization)

1. Knows the different forms of slavery or coerced labor in various empires (the Han empire, the Maurya empire, the Greek city-states, the Roman empire)
2. Understands how new religious or ethical systems contributed to cultural integration of large regions of Afro-Eurasia

1. Understands possible reasons for the decline of the Roman and Han Empires (possible factors that motivated nomadic peoples to move into the Roman Empire and China, common patterns of decline and fall in the Roman and Han Empires,  the chronological order of significant historical events for Rome from the late Empire through the reign of Justinian, how differences in architecture can illustrate unity and alienation between the Eastern and Western halves of the Roman Empire)
2. Understands various characteristics of Christianity and Buddhism (methods used to spread the two religions to new areas and people;  possible aspects of Christianity and Buddhism that appealed to people living between the 3rd and 5th centuries CE; the approximate geographical realms of Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, and Confucianism until the 5th century CE)
3. Understands fundamental Hindu beliefs (how the concept of dharma reflects a social value for the ideal king, husband and wife, brother and friend; the concepts of Brahma, dharma, and karma, the caste system, ritual sacrifice, and reincarnation)
4. Understands significant religious and cultural features of the Gupta era (Gupta achievements in art, literature, and mathematics;  the relationship among various religions in India during Gupta times)
5. Understands the influence of Hinduism and Buddhism in East and Southeast Asia (the role of trade in spreading these religions;  the geographical limits of Hindu and Buddhist influence; the presence and influence of Hinduism and Buddhism in India, Malaysia, and Southeast Asia; how ocean currents affected cultural contact between India and Southeast Asia, and the evidence for this contact)

1. Understands the spread of Islam in Southwest Asia and the Mediterranean region (the life of Muhammad, his devotion to God, and the basic beliefs and values he preached; how Islam spread in Southwest Asia and the Mediterranean and evidence for its influence;  the importance to Islam of the Hegira [Hirjah], the Ka'abah, the Qur'an, the Sunnah, the Hajj, the daily prayer [Salat], the poor due [Zakat] and Ramadan)
2. Understands the influence of Islamic ideas and practices on other cultures and social behavior (the origin and development of Islamic law; the influence of Islamic law and Muslim practice on family life, morals, marriage, inheritance, and slavery; the possible appeal of Islam to culturally diverse non-Muslims across Afro-Eurasia in the Abbasid era)
3. Understands how the Byzantine state withstood attacks between the 8th and 10th centuries (military technology and the successful defense of Byzantium against Arab Muslim attacks)
4. Understands the effect of geography on different groups and their trade practices (nomads, town-dwellers, trade practices on the Arabian peninsula; the goods traded and the origins of these goods)
5. Understands the significance of Baghdad (the trade network and goods traded, its role as a center of commerce in the 8th to 10th centuries CE)
6. Understands the impact of the invention of paper on various cultures (Chinese, Muslim, later European culture) and its route from its source through Muslim lands to Europe)

1. Understands geographic and political features of Tang China (the imperial conquests of the empire in Southeast and Central Asia; the locations of major cities in Tang China and their attraction for diverse people of differing religions;  major geographical features of the area incorporated by the Tang Dynasty, the location of the network of canals, and how the Great Canal changed life in China; features of government and administration of Tang China)
2. Understands characteristics of Japanese society through the imperial period (aspects of the indigenous development of Japanese society until the 7th century CE; the establishment of the imperial state in Japan and the role of the emperor in government; the political, social, and cultural role of women and their contributions to the court of Heian;  how the geography of Japan affected its development and its relations with China and Korea)
3. Understands the importance of the commercial state of Srivijava and the Straits of Malacca in Southeast Asia as a trade link between India and China (how the monsoon winds and geography of the strait contributed to Srivijava's wealth and power)

1. Understands the influence of the monastery in European development (the importance of monasteries, convents, and missionaries from Britain and Ireland in the Christianizing of Western and Central Europe;  the individual duties of monks and nuns)
2. Understands the development of the Merovingian and Carolingian states (their success at maintaining public order and local defense in western Europe)
3. Understands the significance of Norse migrations and invasions (how Norse explorations stimulated the emergence of independent lords and the knightly class;  locations of Norse settlements, including routes to North America, Russia, Western Europe, and the Black Sea)
4. Understands the significance of Charlemagne (his government, laws, conquests, personal values)
5. Knows the life story and major achievements of King Alfred of England, and understands how he earned the title "Alfred the Great"

1. Knows the routes by which migrants settled the Pacific Islands and New Zealand and the navigational techniques they used on long distance voyages

1. Understands the significant features of Mayan civilization (locations of Mayan city-states, road systems, and sea routes in Mesoamerica and the influence of the environment on these developments; the role and status of elite women and men in Mayan society as indicated by their portrayal in Mayan monumental architecture;  the importance of religion in Mayan society; the structure and purpose of Mayan pyramids; ceremonial games among the Mayans)
2. Understands different farming methods of Teotihuac n and Moche civilization (agricultural methods, water utilization, and herding methods used by the Teotihuac n and Moche peoples, and how the natural environment of the Andes helped to influence these methods)
3. Understands methods used to study Zapotec, Teotihuac n, and Moche civilizations (locations of these communities and their major archaeological remains, what archaeological evidence such as clay pottery and figures reveal about Moche civilization, what remains of planned cities reveal about the structure of Zapotec and Teotihuac n civilization)

1. Understands major changes in the religious map of Eurasia and Africa between 300 and 1000 CE (the success of Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam in making converts among peoples of differing ethnic and cultural traditions)
2. Knows the maritime and overland trade routes linking regions of Afro-Eurasia and understands the importance of international trade for African and Eurasian societies

1. Understands the impact of urbanization and commercial expansion on Chinese society between the 10th and 13th centuries (the effects of major technological and scientific inventions in the Song era on Chinese life, China's trade with Southeast Asia and the lands rimming the Indian Ocean,  how this trade affected China internally)
2. Understands different elements of Japanese feudal society (Japanese government during the Kamakura and Ashikaga periods, and whether it was feudalism; the rise of the warrior class in feudal Japan and the values it prescribed; how the economic and social status of women and peasants changed in feudal Japanese society; how art and aesthetic values were cherished in the warrior culture in Japan and what this art reveals about Japanese values;  how the Japanese successfully defended themselves against Mongol invasions in the 13th century)
3. Understands the cultural characteristics of Islamic society (the importance of scientific, literary, and artistic contributions made by the Islamic civilization between the 11th and 13th centuries;  how these contributions helped communication between different Islamic peoples; the diverse, multiethnic character of the Islamic state)
4. Understands features of trade routes in Asia, Europe, and Africa (how goods traveled from East Asia to Europe and the importance of the Indian Ocean to the societies of Asia, East Africa, and Europe; the usefulness of the camel in desert transportation and trade)

1. Understands the significance of developments in medieval English legal and constitutional practice and their importance for modern democratic thought and institutions
2. Understands the systems of feudalism and manorialism (the principles of feudalism, manorialism, and serfdom, and their widespread use in parts of Europe in the 11th century; how population growth and agricultural expansion affected the legal, economic, and social position of peasant men and women;  how the lives of peasants and serfs differed; how their lives were affected by the manors and castles)
3. Understands the influence of Christianity in Medieval Europe (how successful the Christian states were in overthrowing Muslim powers in Central and Southern Iberia, the reasons for and consequences of the European Crusades against Syria and Palestine)
4. Understands the lives of different groups of people in Medieval Europe (life in Jewish communities and what Jews added to the cultural and economic development of Europe; the influence of ideals of chivalry and courtly love on feudal society;  how the status of women changed in medieval European life)
5. Understands the significance of the university in Medieval Europe (how universities contributed to literacy, learning, and scientific advancement;  why universities were founded in certain parts of Europe; the meaning of the word "university")
6. Understands the significance of William the Conqueror in English society (why William invaded England; how he won control of England after the Battle of Hastings; what changes he made in governing England)
7. Understands aspects of the architecture of Medieval Europe (different architectural styles from this period; how some elements may still be seen in local, modern architecture)

1. Understands the significance of Chinggis Khan (the major achievements of Chinggis Khan, the geographical extent of Chinggis Khan's conquests, the role military technology may have played in the success of Mongol military campaigns)
2. Understands Mongol interaction with different cultures (how Mongol rule affected economy, society, and culture in China and Korea; how Southeast Asians and Japanese resisted incorporation into the Mongol empire;  how citizens responded to Mongol rule)

1. Understands influences on the economic development of Sub-Saharan empires (the importance of agriculture, gold production, and the trans-Saharan caravan trade to the growth of the Mali and Songhay Empires;  the importance of trade within the major city-states and populations of Sub-Saharan Africa)
2. Understands social and religious features of West Africa (what art reveals about the societies and rulers of Benin and Ile-Ife,  the story of Solomon and Sheba and the role of Sheba in African history)
3. Understands the emergence of commercial towns on the East African coast and the significance of Swahili as the language of trade

1. Understands the origins and impact of the plague (how the plague started and spread across Eurasia and North Africa;  the impact of the plague on daily life in urban Southwest Asia and Europe; how Christian and Muslim communities responded to the plague, and how the plague changed the lives of survivors)
2. Understands major changes in the social, political, and cultural characteristics of European society after the 14th century (the effect of population decline on European agrarian and commercial economies; causes of and major figures in the Hundred Years War; the causes of peasant rebellions in Europe between 1300 and 1500; how the techniques of painting, sculpting, and architecture changed in this period)
3. Understands the origins and early expansion of the Ottoman Empire up to the capture of Constantinople in 1453

1. Understands how the Aztec Empire arose in the 14th century (major aspects of Aztec government, society, religion and culture;  the construction of Tenochtitl n, the "Foundation of Heaven")
2. Understands social and political elements of Incan society (Incan methods for expansion and unification of their empire,  daily life for different people in Incan society, the food plants that formed the basis of Incan as compared with Aztec agriculture)
3. Understands what archaeological, artistic, and written sources can illustrate about pre-European life in the Americas

1. Understands influences on the growth of long-distance exchanges between different regions (the continuing spread of Islam, and the importance of Muslim civilization in mediating long-distance commercial, cultural, and intellectual exchanges; why new ports, manufacturing centers, merchant communities, and long-distance trade routes emerged in the region of the "Southern Seas," from the Arabian Sea to the coasts of China)

1. Understands the interregional trading system that linked peoples of Africa, Asia, and Europe on the eve of the European overseas voyages
2. Understands what contributed to increasing oceanic travel in the 15th and 16th centuries (major Spanish and Portuguese technological innovations in shipbuilding, navigation, and naval warfare; navigational inventions such as the compass, astrolabe, and quadrant;  trade routes of prominent Asian and European explorers and how prevailing wind currents influenced these routes; the features of Chinese and Arab sailing vessels that made long-distance travel easier)
3. Understands the character and impact of Portuguese maritime expansion to Africa, India, and Southeast Asia upon local populations (relations between King Affonso II of the Kongo and Portuguese, why Bartholomew de las Casas was considered the "defender of the Indians")
4. Understands features of Spanish exploration and conquest (why the Spanish wanted to invade the Incan and Aztec Empires, and why these empires collapsed after the conflict with the Spanish;  interaction between the Spanish and indigenous populations such as the Inca and the Aztec; different perspectives on Cort‚s' journey into Mexico)
5. Understands the cultural and biological exchange between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia in the late 15th and 16th centuries (the exchange of animals between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia; how the exchange of plants between the Americas and other countries affected societies and commerce;  the roots of "cowboy" culture in the Americas)
6. Knows the major accomplishments of Columbus (his voyages off the coast of Africa and to North America)

1. Understands the social characteristics of European society from 1450 to 1750 (how lifestyles were different among varied social classes in early modern Europe, changes in institutions of serfdom,  changes in the social status of women)
2. Understands significant contributions of the Renaissance and Reformation to European society (major achievements in literature, music, painting, sculpture, and architecture in 16th-century Europe;  the life and accomplishments of select figures from the Renaissance to the Reformation)
3. Understands the English civil war and the Revolution of 1688 (how these events affected government, religion, economy, and society in England; how the English Revolution influenced political institutions and attitudes in the English colonies and the outbreak of the American Revolution;  new freedoms granted to the English people after 1688)
4. Understands the significance of the Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment (the impact of astronomical discoveries from Copernicus to Newton; principal ideas of the Enlightenment, from rationalism to theories of education;  the word "revolution" and what is meant by the term "Scientific Revolution"; the lives and achievements of significant figures of the Scientific Revolution; how Diderot's encyclopedia contributed to the Age of Enlightenment)
5. Understands the role of gunpowder in changing European warfare (through the necessary redesign of fortifications)

1. Understands the power and limit of imperial absolutism under the Ming Dynasty (variations in control over society and the bureaucracy)
2. Understands how China viewed its role in the world during the Ming Dynasty (why China's attitude toward external political and commercial relations changed after the Zheng He voyages from 1405 to 1433,  the Chinese belief that other countries had a tributary relationship to the celestial empire)
3. Understands political and cultural achievements of the Ottoman Empire (the significance of the capture of Constantinople for Christians and Ottomans; how the Ottoman military succeeded against various enemies; artistic, architectural, and literary achievements of the Ottoman Empire in the 15th and 16th centuries;  achievements of Sulieman the Magnificent; the extent of the Byzantine and Ottoman Empires in the 14th and 15th centuries)
4. Understands political achievements of the Safavid and Mughal Empires (how Persia was unified by the Turkic Safavids, the political and cultural achievements of the Safavid Golden Age under Shah Abbas I, the Mughal conquest of India and how the Turkic warrior class united diverse peoples of the Indian continent)
5. Understands the network of Afro-Eurasian trade in the 16th and 17th centuries (the importance of Indian textiles, spices, and other products in the trade;  how spices brought to Europe by Vasco da Gama initiated the spice trade between India and Europe)

1. Understands European influence in the Americas between the 16th and 18th centuries (European activity and control in the Americas in the form of territorial empires, trading-post empires, plantation colonies, and settler colonies; how the Netherlands, England, and France became naval, commercial, and political powers in the Atlantic basin;  the locations of the British and French in the Americas, and their interest in trade there; the concept of mercantilism and its advantages and disadvantages for the colonies and the mother country)
2. Understands features of the labor system and economy in the Americas (why sugar, tobacco, coffee, tea, and other crops grown in the colonies became so important in the world economy;  different jobs performed by indigenous peoples in the Americas)
3. Understands elements of the trans-Atlantic African slave trade (how slaves were transported to the Americas via the "middle passage"; how European firms and governments organized and financed the slave trade; conditions of slave life on plantations in the Caribbean, Brazil, and British North America; how slaves resisted servitude and preserved their African heritage)
4. Understands elements of the slave trade in Africa (how the Atlantic slave trade affected population, economic systems, family life, polygynous marriage, and the use of male and female slave labor in West and Central Africa;  what narratives reveal about the experience of Africans sold into slavery)

1. Understands the impact of European military and commercial involvement in Asia (how the Netherlands, England, and France became naval and commercial powers in the Indian Ocean basin in the 17th and 18th centuries; the impact of British and French commercial and military penetration on politics, economy, and society in India; why the Dutch wanted military and commercial influence in Indonesia and how this imperialism affected the region's economy and society;  why Asian trade was so important within the British economic and political structure)
2. Understands social and political features of Japanese society under the Tokugawa shogunate (centralized feudalism in Japan and how Japan achieved political stability, economic growth, and cultural dynamism; the nature of the relationship between Japan and European powers between the 16th and 18th centuries)
3. Understands the role of art in conveying ideas in China and Japan (how nature is portrayed in Chinese and Japanese brush paintings)
4. Knows what groups of people in India most frequently converted to Islam between the 16th and 18th centuries, and the major vehicle for conversion

1. Understands major shifts in world demography and urbanization between 1450 and 1770 and reasons for these changes
2. Understands the major changes in world political boundaries that took place between 1450 and 1770, and how far European nations had extended political and military influence in Africa, Asia, and the Americas as of the mid-18th century
3. Understands how the acceleration of scientific and technological innovations in this era affected social, economic, and cultural life in various parts of the world (the broad effects of navigational and ship-building innovations such as astrolabe and lateen sails)

1. Understands the ideas and events that shaped the Revolution in France (the causes, character, and consequences of the American and French revolutions; the meaning of the revolutionary slogan in France, "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity," and the social ideals it embodied; the legacy of leading ideas of the revolution; how the wars of the revolutionary and Napoleonic periods changed Europe and Napoleon's effects on the aims and outcomes of the revolution; connections between political events in the Americas and France between 1770 and 1815)
2. Understands the origins and development of Latin American independence movements (how the American, French, and Haitian revolutions and South American rebellions influenced the development of independence movements in Latin America; the political and ideological objectives, and the success of the independence movements between 1808 and 1830;  how the colonial powers and independent countries of Latin America changed between 1790 and 1828; the role of geography in the outcome of the Latin American independence movements)

1. Understands the emergence and impact of industrialism in 18th-century England (the effects of the agricultural revolution on population growth, industrialization, and patterns of land-holding; major characteristics of industrialization;  how the industrial revolution affected population shifts; how the industrial revolution in the textile industry changed the way people worked; how figures such as John Kay, James Hargreaves, James Watt, Edmund Cartwright, and Richard Arkwright contributed to industrialization in England)
2. Understands the impact of the industrial revolution in Europe and the Atlantic Basin (connections between population growth, industrialization, and urbanization; the quality of life in early 19-century cities; the effects of urbanization on the development of class distinctions, family life, and the daily working lives of men, women, and children;  advances made in communication and transportation; effects upon the political and economic status of women)
3. Understands aspects of the abolition movement in the 18th and 19th centuries (the organization and arguments of movements in Europe and the Americas that sought to end slavery, and how the trans-Atlantic slave trade was suppressed;  why and how the slave trade continued after it had been outlawed; major accomplishments of the American abolitionist Frederick Douglass)

1. Understands changes in social and political elements of the Ottoman Empire during the 18th and 19th centuries (reasons for the empire's retreat from the Balkans and Black Sea region;  the lives of different members of Ottoman society such as the janissary, attendees of the Palace School, the role of women)
2. Understands political characteristics of Egypt (the impact of the French invasion of Egypt in 1798, the reign and major accomplishments of Muhammad Ali of Egypt,  why he was known as the "father of modern Egypt")
3. Understands aspects of Russian expansion and settlement in the late 18th and 19th centuries (why Russia was successful in wars of expansion against the Ottoman empire; why and how Russia expanded across Asia into Alaska, and along the California coast;  what archaeological evidence reveals about daily life in the Russian settlements at Sitka and Bogeda Bay)
4. Understands the advance of British power in India up to 1850, its social and economic impact, and the efforts of Indians to resist European conquest and achieve cultural renewal
5. Understands Chinese policies toward foreign trade and immigration to other countries (why China resisted political contact and trade with Europeans, and how the opium trade contributed to European penetration of Chinese markets;  motivations behind the Chinese trading policy and China's desire to keep out foreigners; motivations behind Chinese immigration to the U.S. and Southeast Asia)
6. Understands events and ideas that led to the modernization of Japan (the internal and external causes of the Meiji Restoration; the goals and policies of the Meiji state, and the impact of these upon Japan's modernization;  what Commodore Matthew Perry accomplished in Japan in the 1850s and what his voyage meant for the Japanese)
7. Understands the emergence of European trading companies and their impact on Indian culture (the origins of both the French and British East India companies, what their charters enabled them to do, and how the home countries viewed the role of these companies in India; the trading relationship between the East India companies and Indian rulers)

1. Understand causes of large-scale population movements from rural areas to cities in continental Europe and how these movements affected the domestic and working lives of men and women
2. Understands the impact of cultural achievements on 19th-century Europe and America (movements in literature, music, and the visual arts, and ways in which they shaped or reflected social and cultural values)
3. Understands the political and social changes in 19th-century Latin America (where democracy failed and succeeded in Latin American nations after independence was achieved,  how geography possibly influenced nation-building in Latin America, the class system in Latin America and its racial core)
4. Understands aspects of education in 19th-century Europe (aspects of the basic school day for male and female students in the 19th century; how significantly education, or lack thereof, affected the lives and prospects of 19th century Europeans; differences in the daily lives of children from working, middle class, and upper class families)
5. Understands how major events in the United States affected the rest of the hemisphere

1. Understands the impact of new inventions and technological developments in various regions of the world (how new inventions transformed patterns of global communication, trade, and state power; how new machines, fertilizers, transport systems, and commercialization affected agricultural production;  significant inventions and inventors in 19th-century Europe and America)
2. Understands the experiences and motivations of European migrants and immigrants in the 19th century (why migrants left Europe in large numbers in the 19th century and regions of the world where they settled; the consequences of encounters between European migrants and indigenous peoples in such regions as the United States, Canada, South Africa, Australia, and Siberia;  the general appeal of Canada to European immigrants in the second half of the 19th century)
3. Understands factors that contributed to European imperialist expansion between 1850 and 1914 (advances in transportation, medicine, and weaponry that helped European imperial expansion in the late 19th century)
4. Understands political and economic changes in Japanese society in the 19th and 20th centuries (Japan's rapid industrialization, technological advancement, and national integration in the late 19th and 20th centuries;  the death of the Meiji emperor in 1912 and the main achievements of Meiji Japan)
5. Understands events that shaped African relations with other countries (the rise of the Zulu empire and its effects on African societies and European colonial settlements; how the discovery of gold and diamonds in South Africa affected British investors and race relations among Africans, Afrikaners, and British colonial authorities;  the relationship between European and African merchants and the types of products traded between the two in the period after slavery ended)
6. Understands major changes in the political geography of Africa between 1880 and 1914
7. Understands trends in the population of Europe for the last three and a half centuries, and at what time Europe had the greatest number of inhabitants
8. Knows the causes, course, and consequences of the Boxer Rebellion

1. Understands major shifts in world population and urbanization in this era and how factors such as industrialization, migration, changing diets, and scientific and medical advances affected worldwide demographic trends (the changes large cities around the world went through during this period, such as Guangzhou [Canton], Cairo, Tokyo, Buenos Aires, Bombay, San Francisco, and London)
2. Understands the experiences of immigrants to North and South America in the 19th century

1. Understands factors that transformed American and European society in the early 20th century (how industrial development affected the culture and working lives of middle and working class people in the United States, Japan, and Europe;  major scientific, medical, and technological advances in Europe and the United States at the turn of the century; popular attitudes regarding material progress and the West's global leadership)
2. Understands the consequences of the significant revolutions of the early 20th century (the prominent figures in the Mexican Revolution and its significance as the first 20th century movement in which peasants played a prominent role)
3. Understands why Dr. Sun Yatsen is considered an important figure in the history of modern China

1. Understands the origins and significant features of World War I (the precipitating causes of the war; the factors that led to military stalemate in some areas;  which countries joined each of the two alliances - the Allied Powers and the Central Powers - and the advantages and disadvantages for the formation of alliances; major areas of combat in Europe and Southwest Asia)
2. Understands the immediate and long-term consequences of World War I (the principal theaters of conflict in World War I in Europe, Southeast Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia, and the South Pacific; major turning points in the war; the short-term demographic, social, economic, and environmental consequences of the war's violence and destruction;  the hardships of trench warfare)
3. Understands the roles of significant individuals, and the events that led to the Russian Revolution of 1917 (causes of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and how the revolutionary government progressed from moderate to radical;  the historical importance of Russian leaders such as Tsar Nicholas II, Rasputin, and Lenin)
4. Understands the rise of Joseph Stalin, and his impact on the Soviet Union (how Joseph Stalin came to and maintained power in the Soviet Union, and how his projects [collectivization, the first Five Year Plan] disrupted and transformed Soviet society in the 1920s and 1930s;  what life was like for common people under Stalin's rule)
5. Understands how the homefront contributed to World War I (how massive industrial production and innovations in military technology affected strategy and tactics, and the scale, duration, brutality, and efficiency of the war)

1. Understands treaties and other efforts to achieve peace and recovery from World War I (the conflicting aims and aspirations of the conferees at Versailles, and how the major powers responded to the terms of the settlement; why and how the League of Nations was founded, and its initial goals and limitations;  the nations that were and were not invited to participate in the League of Nations; changes made to political boundaries after the peace treaties ending World War I, and which countries were winners or losers)
2. Understands how the settlements of World War I influenced the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and Latin America (the mandate system created by the League of Nations and how it changed European rule in the Middle East and Africa, how World War I settlements contributed to the rise of both Pan-Arabism and nationalist struggles for the independence in the Middle East,  how the readjustment of national borders in Africa after World War I affected people in East and West Africa)
3. Understands the emergence of a new mass and popular culture between 1900 and 1940 (how new modes of transportation affected world commerce, international migration, and work and leisure habits; how the new media - newspapers, magazines, commercial advertising, film, and radio - contributed to the rise of mass culture around the world;  the new approaches to visual art represented by the works of Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse; the types of leisure activity and sports people enjoyed; changes in clothing fashions for men and women, and how they reflected changes in social attitudes and values)
4. Understands the economic and social impact of the Great Depression (how the Great Depression affected industrialized economies and societies around the world; the human cost of the depression; how governments, businesses, social groups, families and individuals coped with hardships of world depression)

1. Understands the rise of fascism and Nazism in Europe and Japan (the ideologies of fascism and Nazism, and how fascist regimes seized power and gained mass support in Germany, Italy, Spain, and Japan; German, Italian, and Japanese military conquests and drives for empires in the 1930's;  how Hitler, Franco, and Mussolini rose to power; the causes of the Spanish Civil War and how this war coincided with the rise of fascism in Europe; what Nazi oppression in Germany was like)
2. Understands influences on the outcome of World War II (the major turning points in the war; the principal theaters of conflict in Western Europe, Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union, North Africa, Asia, and the Pacific; the political and diplomatic leadership of individuals such as Churchill, Roosevelt, Hitler, Mussolini, and Stalin)
3. Understands the human costs of World War II (how and why the Nazi regime forged a "war against the Jews," and the devastation suffered by Jews and other groups in the Nazi Holocaust;  social problems as a consequence of the war)

1. Understands major shifts in world geopolitics between 1900 and 1945, and understands the growing role of the United States in international affairs
2. Understands how new technologies and scientific breakthroughs both benefitted and imperiled humankind

1. Understands the shift in political and economic conditions after World War II (why and how the United Nations was established, where it has been active in the world, and how successful it has been as a peacekeeper; the United States' economic position and international leadership post-World War I and post-World War II;  aspects of social and political conflict in China in the period following the war)
2. Understands the development of the Cold War (how political, economic, and military conditions in the mid-1940's led to the Cold War; the significance of international Cold War crises such as the Berlin blockade, the Korean War, the Polish worker's protest, the Hungarian revolt, the Suez crisis, the Cuban missile crisis, the Indonesian civil war, and the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia;  how the United States and the Soviet Union competed for power and influence in Europe)
3. Understands political and social change in the developing countries of the Middle East, Africa, and Asia after World War II (how Israel was created, and why persistent conflict developed between Israel and both Arab Palestinians and neighboring states;  the African experience under European colonial rule; major social and economic forces that compelled many Vietnamese to seek refuge in foreign countries)
4. Understands the position of women in developing countries (as compared to their position in industrialized countries, how change has occurred in different societies)

1. Understands global influences on the environment (how population growth, urbanization, industrialization, warfare, and the global market economy have contributed to environmental alterations; how effective governments and citizens' groups have been at protecting the global natural environment)
2. Understands the impact of increasing economic interdependence in different regions of the world (how global communications and changing international labor demands have shaped new patterns of world migration since World War II, the effects of the European Economic Community and its growth on economic productivity and political integration in Europe, the emergence of the Pacific Rim economy and economic growth in South Korea and Singapore in recent decades,  the effects of new transport and communications technology on patterns of world trade and finance)
3. Understands efforts to improve political and social conditions around the world (the progress of human and civil rights around the globe since the 1948 U.N. Declaration of Human Rights; how the apartheid system was dismantled in South Africa and the black majority won voting rights; the progress made since the 1970s in resolving conflict between Israel and neighboring states)
4. Understands how feminist movements and social conditions have affected the lives of women around the world, and the extent of women's progress toward social equality, economic opportunity, and political rights in various countries
5. Understands scientific and technological trends of the second half of the 20th century (worldwide implications of the revolution in nuclear, electronic, and computer technology; the social and cultural implications of medical successes such as the development of antibiotics and vaccines and the conquest of smallpox;  the "consumer societies" of industrialized nations compared with those in predominantly agrarian nations)
6. Understands cultural trends of the second half of the 20th century (the influence of television, the Internet, and other forms of electronic communication on the creation and diffusion of cultural and political information worldwide; how the world's religions have responded to challenges and uncertainties in society and the world)

1. Understands major global trends since World War II
2. Understands the causes, consequences, and major patterns of international migration in the late 20th century compared to world population movements of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th
3. Understands the advancement of human rights and democratic ideals and practices in the world during the 20th century
4. World History Across the Eras
5. Standard: 46
6. Understands long-term changes and recurring patterns in world history
7. Understands why humans have built cities and how the character, function, and number of cities have changed over time
8. Understands major patterns of long-distance trade from ancient times to the present and how trade has contributed to economic and cultural change in particular societies or civilizations
9. Understands the economic and social importance of slavery and other forms of coerced labor in various societies
10. Understands how ideals and institutions of freedom, equality, justice, and citizenship have changed over time and from one society to another
11. Understands ways in which human action has contributed to long-term changes in the natural environment in particular regions or worldwide  

1. Understands the migration and settlement patterns of peoples in the Americas (the archaeological and geological evidence that explains the movement of people from Asia to the Americas, the spread of human societies and the rise of diverse cultures from hunter-gatherers to urban dwellers,  use of the Bering land bridge)
2. Understands the significance of beliefs held by both Native Americans and Europeans (Native American beliefs about their origins in America,  ideas of land use held by Native Americans and Europeans)
3. Understands social, economic, and cultural characteristics of European society (the customary European family organization, gender roles, property holding, education and literacy, linguistic diversity, religion)
4. Knows the geographic characteristics of Western and Central Africa and understands the impact of geography on settlement patterns, cultural traits, and trade (in political kingdoms such as Mali, Songhai, and Benin; in urban centers such as Timbuktu and Jenne)
5. Compares political, social, economic, and religious systems of Africans, Europeans, and Native Americans who converged in the western hemisphere after 1492 (concepts of political authority, civic values, and the organization and practice of government; population levels, urbanization, family structure, and modes of communication; systems of labor, trade, concepts of property, and exploitation of natural resources; dominant ideas and values including religious beliefs and practices, gender roles, and attitudes toward nature)
6. Understands the economic, social, and cultural influence of location and physical geography on different Native American societies (Iroquois and Pueblo, Northwest and Southeast societies)
7. Understands how the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca united to form the Iroquois nation and to solve conflicts peaceably
8. Knows legends of pre-Columbus explorations and the technological, scientific, and geographic factors that led to the age of exploration in the Americas

1. Knows the features of the major European explorations that took place between the 15th and 17th centuries (the routes and motives of Spanish, French, Dutch, and English explorers;  the goals and achievements of major expeditions; problems encountered on the high seas; fears and superstitions of the times; what sailors expected to find when they reached their destinations)
2. Understands aspects of the Spanish exploration, conquest, and immigration to the Americas in the centuries following Columbus (Spanish interactions with the Aztec, Inca, and Pueblo;  the expeditions of Cabeza de Vaca and Francisco Vasquez de Coronado in the American Southwest; the conquest of Spanish America)

1. Understands the lives of free and indentured immigrants who came to North America and the Caribbean from Europe (religious, political, and economic motives of free immigrants from different parts of Europe; why indentured servants risked the hardships of bound labor overseas; opportunities and challenges encountered by European immigrants)
2. Understands growth and change in the European colonies during the two centuries following their founding (the arrival of Africans in the European colonies in the 17th century, the rapid increase of slave importation in the 18th century)
3. Understands peaceful and conflictory interaction between English settlers and Native Americans in the New England, Mid-Atlantic, Chesapeake, and lower South colonies (how Native American and European societies influenced one another, differing European and Native American views of the land and its use)
4. Understands the similarities and differences in backgrounds, motivations, and occupational skills between people in the English settlements and those in the French and Spanish settlements

1. Understands the influence of Enlightenment ideas on American society (Benjamin Franklin's experiments with electricity)
2. Understands the development of colonial governments (how early colonies differed in the way they were established and governed,  how characteristics of colonial self-government such as the right to vote and hold office were reflected in the Mayflower Compact)
3. Understands Puritanism in colonial America (how Puritanism shaped New England communities, the changes in Puritanism during the 17th century,  opposition to King James I, why Puritans came to America, the Puritan family structure)
4. Understands how and why family and community life differed in various regions of colonial North America (Williamsburg, Philadelphia, Boston, New York, French Quebec, Santa Fe)

1. Understands the factors that shaped the economic system in the colonies and the Americas (labor systems,  natural resources, relations with other countries and the home country)
2. Understands economic life in the New England, Chesapeake, and southern colonies (environmental and human factors;  the work people did; the crops that plantation, yeoman, and family farmers grew; the New England merchant's trading triangle)
3. Understands elements of African slavery during the colonial period in North America (relocation of enslaved Africans to the Caribbean and North America,  the slave trade and "the middle passage")

1. Understands the major consequences of the Seven Years War (the English victory, the removal of the French as a power in North America, the reduced need of the colonists for the protection of the mother country)
2. Understands the events that contributed to the outbreak of the American Revolution and the earliest armed conflict of the Revolutionary War (opponents and defenders of England's new imperial policy,  the idea of "taxation without representation," the battle at Lexington and Concord)
3. Understands the major ideas in the Declaration of Independence, their sources, and how they became unifying ideas of American democracy (major terms, why the document was written, what the signers risked)
4. Understands the major developments and chronology of the Revolutionary War and the roles of its political, military, and diplomatic leaders (George Washington,   Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Samuel Adams, John Hancock, Richard Henry Lee)
5. Understands perspectives of and the roles played in the American Revolution by various groups of people (men, women, white settlers, free and enslaved African-Americans, and Native Americans)
6. Understands the United States relationships with European countries and the contributions of each European power to the outcome of the Revolution (relations with France, Holland and Spain; consequences of the Treaty of Paris;  Ben Franklin's negotiations with the French)

1. Understands the major political issues in the thirteen colonies after their independence from England (arguments over the Articles of Confederation,  arguments over how to govern themselves)
2. Understands the factors that led to Shay's Rebellion
3. Understands the social, political, and economic effects of the American revolutionary victory on different groups (rural farmers, wealthy merchants, enslaved and free African Americans, abolitionists,  women who contributed to the war effort)

1. Understands the factors involved in calling the Constitutional Convention (Shay's Rebellion)
2. Understands the issues and ideas supported and opposed by delegates at the Consitutional Convention (enduring features of the Constitution, such as the separation of powers, and checks and balances;  the Virginia Plan; the New Jersey Plan; the Conneticut Compromise; abolition)
3. Understands the significance of the Bill of Rights and its specific guarantees (the relevance of the Bill of Rights in today's society)
4. Understands the differences in leaders (Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson) and the social and economic composition of each political party in the 1790s
5. Understands the issues that impacted the lives of farmers in western Pennsylvania during the Whiskey Rebellion

1. Understands the factors that led to U.S. territorial expansion in the Western Hemisphere (Napoleon's reasons for selling the Lousiana Territory,  expeditions of American explorers and mountain men)
2. Understands the War of 1812 (causes, sectional divisions, Native American support of the British,  defining the war)
3. Knows the foreign territorial claims in the Western Hemisphere in 1800 and the impact on American foreign policy (the origins and provisions of the Monroe Doctrine;  the claims of Spain, France, Britain, and Russia; nations that declared their independence in 1823; how President Monroe dealt with European attempts to reestablish control)
4. Understands the impact of territorial expansion on Native American tribes (the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek and Seminole removals,  the significance of the Trail of Tears, the original lands held by various tribes of the Southeast and those held in the Old Northwest territory)
5. Understands the origins of Manifest Destiny and its influence on the westward expansion of the United States (its role in the resolution of the Oregon dispute with Great Britian, how it led to the Mexican-American war)
6. Understands elements of the relationship between Texas and Mexico in the mid-19th century (the Texas War for Independence,  American settlement in Mexico's Texas, the American defeat at the Alamo)
7. Understands events that led to the Mexican-American war (the idea of Manifest Destiny,  U.S. annexation of Texas, the invasion of Mexico by U.S. troops) and the consequences of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

1. Understands the lives of immigrants in American society during the antebellum period (factors that led to increased immigration from China, Ireland, and Germany; how immigrants adapted to life in the United States and to hostility from the nativist movement and the "Know- Nothing" party)
2. Understands the major technological developments that influenced land and water transportation, the economy, international markets, and the environment between 1801 and 1860 (the importance of the spinning jenny, steam locomotive, and telegraph; the development of the canal system after 1825 and railroad system after 1860)
3. Understands social and economic elements of urban and rural life in the early and mid-19th centuries (the impact of the factory system on gender roles and the daily life of men, women, and children; factors that caused rapid urbanization; city life in the 1840s;  differences in urban and rural childrens' lives, life in New England mill towns in the early 1800s, the impact of the canal and railroad on the locations and size of cities after 1820)
4. Understands popular and high culture in growing urban areas during the 19th century (novels, theater, minstrel shows, P.T. Barnum's "American Museum")
5. Understands how slavery shaped social and economic life in the South after 1800 (how the cotton gin and the opening of new lands in the South and West led to increased demands for slaves; differences in the lives of plantation owners, poor free black and white families, and slaves; methods of passive and active resistance to slavery;  escaped slaves and the Underground Railroad)
6. Understands elements of early western migration (the lure of the West and the reality of life on the frontier; motivations of various settlers; Mormon contributions to the settlement of the West; differences in the settlement of California and Oregon in the late 1840s and 1850s;  routes taken by settlers of the Western U.S.; interactions between settlers and Native Americans and Mexicans in the western territories)

1. Understands elements of suffrage in the antebellum years (contradictions between the movement for universal white male suffrage and disenfranchisement of free African Americans and women, the influence of the West and western politicians in supporting equality in the political process)
2. Understands why the election of Andrew Jackson was considered a victory for the "common man (the "spoils system," Jackson's interest in providing the "common man" with opportunities to serve in the government)
3. Understands divisive issues prior to the Civil War (the Missouri Compromise and its role in determining slave and non-slave land areas,  the issues that divided the North and the South)
4. Standard: 12
5. Understands the sources and character of cultural, religious, and social reform movements in the antebellum period
6. Understands how literary and artistic movements fostered a distinct American identity among different groups and in different regions
7. Understands the major characteristics of the abolition movement in the antebellum period (different viewpoints within the abolitionist movement,  arguments of those opposed to and those who supported slavery, the Underground Railroad)
8. Understands the religious revivals that swept the nation in the early 19th century (the importance of the Second Great Awakening, the messages of Great Awakening leaders such as Charles Finney and Peter Cartwright)
9. Understands the role of women in the reform movements in antebellum America (the contributions of individuals of different racial and social groups, the types of reforms women sought,  how fashion became a part of the movement for women's rights)

1. Understands slavery prior to the Civil War (the importance of slavery as a principal cause of the Civil War,  the growing influence of abolitionists, childrens' roles and family life under slavery)
2. Knows the locations of the southern and northern states and their economic resources (the industries and small family farms of the industrial North, the agricultural economy and slavery of the South)

1. Understands the technological, social, and strategic aspects of the Civil War (the impact of innovations in military technology; turning points of the war; leaders of the Confederacy and Union;  conditions, characteristics, and armies of the Confederacy and Union; major areas of Civil War combat)
2. Understands the provisions and significance of the Emancipation Proclamation (reasons Abraham Lincoln issued it,  public reactions to it in the North and the South)
3. Understands the impact of the Civil War on social and gender issues (the roles of women on the home front and on the battlefield; the human and material costs of the war; the degree to which the war united the nation;  how it changed the lives of women, men, and children)

1. Understands military, political, and social factors affecting the post Civil War period (the basic provisions of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments, and the political and social forces that opposed and supported them,  how the lives of African Americans were changed by these amendments; demobilization of the Union and Confederate armies; how the leadership of Presidents Lincoln and Johnson affected reconstruction)
2. Understands changes in social relations in the South during Reconstruction (the role of the Freedmen's Bureau,  the impact of emancipation in the South, how former slaves improved their position in society, how people from the North traveled to aid in Reconstruction)
3. Understands the lives of African Americans during the Reconstruction era (the progress of "Black Reconstruction" and the impact of legislative reform programs,  contributions of individual African Americans who served as teachers and political leaders, why some abolition leaders voiced opposition to the 15th amendment)
4. Understands the impact of the Reconstruction period on politics in the South (the increase in corruption in the post-Civil War period,  the importance of political cartoonists in drawing attention to corruption)
5. Understands how economic conditions and family life in the North and South changed over the war years

1. Understands the impact of significant achievements and individuals of the late 19th century (the effects of major technological, transportation, and communication changes that occurred after 1870; careers of industrial and financial leaders of the late 19th century)
2. Understands the economic and social changes that occurred in late 19th century American cities (where industries and transportation expanded; geographic reasons for building factories, commercial centers, and transportation hubs; why different groups moved from the farms to the big cities and how they adjusted;  living conditions in the growing cities)
3. Understands social development and labor patterns in the late 19th century West (major technological and geographic influences that affected farming, mining, and ranching; conflicts among farmers, ranchers, and miners during settlement; life on the Great Plains and the idea of "frontier")
4. Understands environmental issues of the late 19th century (environmental costs of pollution and depletion of natural resources;  efforts of reformers to control pollution and promote concern for the natural environment)

1. Understands patterns of immigrant life after 1870 (where people came from and where they settled; how immigrants formed a new American culture; the challenges, opportunities, and contributions of different immigrant groups;  ways in which immigrants learned to live and work in a new country)
2. Understands the experiences of diverse groups and minorities in different regions of the country (the experiences of African Americans, Asian Americans, and Hispanic Americans; the anti-Chinese movement in the West; the rise of lynching in the South;  the impact of Jim Crow laws on African Americans)
3. Understands social activities in the late 19th century (new forms of popular culture and leisure activities at different levels of American society,  entertainment for children)

1. Understands changes in business and labor practices during the late 19th century (reasons for child labor and it consequences,  changes in business operation, how workers lives were affected after the Civil War)
2. Understands characteristics of the labor conflicts of the late 19th century (causes and effects of escalating labor conflicts,  causes and effects of coal mine strikes, the organizing efforts of Mother Mary Jones)
3. Understands major political issues and events of the late 19th century (the issues and results of the 1896 election,  why third parties were established, the importance of Thomas Nast's political cartoons, the lives of important political personalities)

1. Understands significant events for Native American tribes in the late 19th century and how they responded (survival strategies of Native American societies during the "second great removal,"  movement to reservations in western states, the effect of government policies on Native American nations and Native American land holdings between 1870 and 1900)
2. Understands the expansion of U.S. territories in the post-Civil War era (areas the U.S. annexed,  primary interests in these areas)
3. Understands critical features of the Spanish-American War (conditions that led to the war with Spain in 1898, character and outcome of the war,  leading personalities of the Spanish-American War)

1. Understands Progressive ideas and reform efforts (the Progressive idea of a democracy responsive to the needs of an industrial society, Progressive attempts at social and moral reform,  conditions that inspired these reforms)
2. Understands political and legislative elements of the Progressive movement (how the Progressives promoted political change and expanded democracy at state and local levels; the leadership of Presidents Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson and their ideas for reform; the 16th, 17th, and 18th amendments;  the movement for women's suffrage)
3. Understands issues and perspectives of different groups during the Progressive era (African Americans and their alternative programs;  women, Native Americans, organized workers)
4. Understands how migrants from rural areas and immigrants from other lands experienced life in growing urban centers and how they coped (schools, settlement houses, religious groups, philanthropists)

1. Understands various U.S. foreign policies in the early part of the 20th century (the Open Door policy;  places the U.S. claimed, occupied, or protected in the Caribbean after the Spanish-American War; the importance of the Panama Canal)
2. Understands World War I prior to U.S. intervention (the causes in 1914, reasons for declaration of U.S. neutrality,  locations of Allied and Central Powers, the extent of war in Europe and the use of new weapons and technology)
3. Understands U.S. involvement in World War I (how the American Expeditionary Force contributed to the Allied victory, Wilson's Fourteen Points, the negotiation of the Versailles Treaty, the national debate over treaty ratification and the League of Nations)

1. Understands various U.S. foreign policies in the early part of the 20th century (the Open Door policy;  places the U.S. claimed, occupied, or protected in the Caribbean after the Spanish-American War; the importance of the Panama Canal)
2. Understands World War I prior to U.S. intervention (the causes in 1914, reasons for declaration of U.S. neutrality,  locations of Allied and Central Powers, the extent of war in Europe and the use of new weapons and technology)
3. Understands U.S. involvement in World War I (how the American Expeditionary Force contributed to the Allied victory, Wilson's Fourteen Points, the negotiation of the Versailles Treaty, the national debate over treaty ratification and the League of Nations)

1. Understands economic aspects of the Great Depression (the causes and consequences of the stock market crash of 1929; the factors that contributed to the Great Depression;  the effects of the depression on farmers, city workers, and military veterans)
2. Understands the environmental and social impact of the Great Depression (the effects of the Great Depression and Dust Bowl on American farm owners, tenants, and sharecroppers;  the effects of the depression on diverse groups and on local communities)

1. Understands the background and leadership styles of depression-era presidents (Herbert Hoover, Franklin D. Roosevelt)
2. Understands the influences on and impact of the New Deal (how legislation and policies affected American workers and the labor movement,  the condition of working men and women in the United States in the 1930s, how the New Deal affected the lives of local families, how women contributed to New Deal programs)
3. Understands the significance and legacy of the New Deal (major New Deal programs still in effect today, support for and opposition to Roosevelt's "court packing" proposal and why he abandoned this proposal)

1. Understands events leading to U.S. involvement in World War II (reasons for American isolationist sentiment and its effects on international relations and diplomacy; American responses to German, Italian, and Japanese aggression in Europe, Africa, and Asia from 1935 to 1941,  global involvement of nations and people before World War II; the location of Pearl Harbor and events that brought the U.S. into the war)
2. Understands significant military aspects of World War II (major turning points of the war; Axis and Allied military campaigns in the European and Pacific theaters; the financial, material, and human costs of the war and their economic consequences for the Allies and the Axis powers;  the locations of the major theaters of war in North Africa, Europe, and the Pacific; the diverse contributions of men and women during the war)
3. Understands events on the U.S. home front during World War II (economic and military mobilization; the internment of Japanese Americans and the implications for civil liberties)

1. Understands the impact of postwar scientific research on contemporary society (the work of pioneers in modern scientific research, the significance of research and scientific breakthroughs in promoting the U.S. space program)
2. Understands how the American economy changed in the post-World War II period (reasons for sustained economic growth,  economic opportunities for members of the armed forces)
3. Understands influences on American society during the post-World War II years (the effects of the G.I. Bill, the influence of popular culture and the mass media)

1. Understands influences on international relations after World War II (the "flawed peace" resulting from World War II, the effectiveness of the United Nations in reducing international tensions and conflict)
2. Understands shifts in international relations after World War II (effects of popular uprisings against communist governments in Eastern Europe on U.S. foreign policy, U.S. relations with Israel and how Arab-Israeli crises influenced U.S. foreign policy,  how the modern state of Israel became an independent country after World War II)
3. Understands the characteristics and impact of the Vietnam War (the war's effect on Vietnamese and Americans; effects on postwar politics and culture;  the location of the war in Southeast Asia; how the war escalated during the 1960s)

1. Understands the civil rights movement during President Truman's presidency (his support of civil rights, the effect on the Democratic party)
2. Understands the impact of the Kennedy and Johnson administrations on domestic affairs (the domestic policies of the "New Frontier," legislation and programs enacted during Johnson's presidency,  how Jacqueline Kennedy developed the Camelot images to depict her husband's presidency)
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4. Understands the struggle for racial and gender equality and for the extension of civil liberties
5. Understands the development of the civil rights movement (the Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education and its significance in advancing civil rights; the resistance to civil rights in the South between 1954 and 1965;  how the "freedom ride," "civil disobedience," and "non-violent resistance" were important to the civil rights movement; Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech in the context of major events)
6. Understands the involvement of diverse groups in the civil rights movement (the agendas, strategies, and effectiveness of African, Asian, Latino, and Native Americans, as well as the disabled, in advancing the movement for civil and equal rights;  regional issues important to diverse groups and their efforts to attain equality and civil rights after World War II )
7. Understands the development of the post-World War II women's movement (the major issues affecting women and the conflicts these issues engendered,  the emergence of the National Organization for Women, post-World War II attitudes toward women)
8. Understands the Warren Court's interpretation of freedom of religion (the importance of the separation of church and state and freedom of religion in contemporary American society, local and regional issues regarding religious freedom)

1. Understands domestic politics from Nixon to Carter (the effectiveness of different social and environmental programs under the Nixon, Ford, and Carter administrations; the Nixon administration's involvement in Watergate, and the role of the media in exposing the scandal;  how "law and order," the "Silent Majority," and the "New Federalism" were used by the Nixon administration)
2. Understands elements of both the Reagan and Bush presidencies (the impact of the "Reagan Revolution" on federalism and public perceptions of the role of government,  reasons for Reagan's popularity, how each administration dealt with major domestic problems)
3. Understands the events that influenced U.S. foreign policy from the Carter to the Bush administrations (Reagan's efforts to reassert American military power and rebuild American prestige;  crisis areas around the world and some of the major peace initiatives made during the Carter administration; geographic changes after the fall of the U.S.S.R and communist states in eastern Europe; places in the Middle East, Central America, the Caribbean, Africa, and Asia where U.S. advisers and military forces were involved during the Reagan and Bush years)

1. Understands changes in the contemporary workplace (how scientific and technological changes and the computer revolution affect the economy and nature of work,  kinds of education and skills required for available jobs)
2. Understands the factors that prompted new immigration in contemporary American society (new immigration policies after 1965,  areas of the world from which most immigrants have come)
3. Understands influences on religion in contemporary society (how changing immigration patterns affected religious diversity,  issues related to religious belief)
4. Understands aspects of contemporary American culture (the international influence of American culture, increased popularity of professional sports, influence of spectator sports on popular culture,  sports and entertainment figures who advertise specific products)
5. Understands contemporary issues concerning gender and ethnicity (the range of women's organizations, the changing goals of the women's movement, and the issues currently dividing women;  issues involving justice and common welfare; how interest groups attempted to achieve their goals of equality and justice; how African, Asian, Hispanic, and Native Americans have shaped American life and retained their cultural heritage)