Science Standards

1. Knows that Earth materials consist of solid rocks, soils, liquid water, and the gases of the atmosphere
2. Knows that water can be a liquid or a solid and can be made to change from one form to the other, but the amount of water stays the same
3. Knows that short-term weather conditions (e.g., temperature, rain, snow) can change daily, and weather patterns change over the seasons
4. Knows that water can change from one state to another (solid, liquid, gas) through various processes (e.g., freezing, condensation, precipitation, evaporation)
5. Knows the major differences between fresh and ocean waters
6. Knows that clouds and fog are made of tiny droplets of water
7. Knows that air is a substance that surrounds us, takes up space, and moves around us as wind
8. Knows that night and day are caused by the Earth's rotation on its axis
9. Knows that the Sun provides the light and heat necessary to maintain the temperature of the Earth

1. Knows that rocks come in many different shapes and sizes (e.g., boulders, pebbles, sand)
2. Knows that smaller rocks come from the breakage and weathering of bedrock and larger rocks
3. Knows that rock is composed of different combinations of minerals
4. Knows the composition and properties of soils (e.g., components of soil such as weathered rock, living organisms, products of plants and animals; properties of soil such as color, texture, capacity to retain water, ability to support plant growth)
5. Knows how features on the Earth's surface are constantly changed by a combination of slow and rapid processes (e.g., weathering, erosion, and deposition of sediment caused by waves, wind, water, and ice; sudden changes in the landscape caused by landslides, volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes)
6. Knows that fossils provide evidence about the plants and animals that lived long ago and the nature of the environment at that time

1. Knows that the stars are innumerable, unevenly dispersed, and of unequal brightness
2. Knows basic patterns of the Sun and Moon (e.g., the Sun appears every day, and the Moon appears sometimes at night and sometimes during the day; the Sun and Moon appear to move from east to west across the sky; the Moon appears to change shape over the course of a month)
3. Knows that the Earth is one of several planets that orbit the Sun, and the Moon orbits around the Earth
4. Knows that the patterns of stars in the sky stay the same, although they appear to slowly move from east to west across the sky nightly, and different stars can be seen in different seasons
5. Knows that planets look like stars, but over time they appear to wander among the constellations
6. Knows that telescopes magnify distant objects in the sky (e.g., the Moon, planets) and dramatically increase the number of stars we can see
7. Knows that astronomical objects in space are massive in size and are separated from one another by vast distances (e.g., many stars are more massive than our Sun but so distant they look like points of light)

1. Knows that plants and animals have features that help them live in different environments
2. Knows different ways in which living things can be grouped (e.g., plants/animals; pets/nonpets; edible plants/nonedible plants) and purposes of different groupings
3. Knows that plants and animals progress through life cycles of birth, growth and development, reproduction, and death; the details of these life cycles are different for different organisms

1. Knows that plants and animals closely resemble their parents
2. Knows that differences exist among individuals of the same kind of plant or animal
3. Knows that many characteristics of an organism are inherited from the parents of the organism (e.g., eye color in human beings, fruit or flower color in plants), and other characteristics result from an individual's interactions with the environment (e.g., people's table manners, ability to ride a bicycle)
4. Standard: 6
5. Knows the general structure and functions of cells in organisms
6. Knows that animals require air, water, food, and shelter; plants require air, water, nutrients, and light
7. Knows that each plant or animal has different structures which serve different functions in growth, survival, and reproduction (e.g., humans have distinct structures of the body for walking, holding, seeing, and talking)

1. Knows that living things are found almost everywhere in the world and that distinct environments support the life of different types of plants and animals
2. Knows that the behavior of individual organisms is influenced by internal cues (e.g., hunger) and external cues (e.g., changes in the environment), and that humans and other organisms have senses that help them to detect these cues
3. Knows that an organism's patterns of behavior are related to the nature of that organism's environment (e.g., kinds and numbers of other organisms present, availability of food and resources, physical characteristics of the environment)
4. Knows that changes in the environment can have different effects on different organisms (e.g., some organisms move in, others move out; some organisms survive and reproduce, others die)
5. Knows that all organisms (including humans) cause changes in their environments, and these changes can be beneficial or detrimental

1. Knows that plants and animals need certain resources for energy and growth (e.g., food, water, light, air)
2. Knows that the transfer of energy (e.g., through the consumption of food) is essential to all living organisms
3. Knows the organization of simple food chains and food webs (e.g., green plants make their own food with sunlight, water, and air; some animals eat the plants; some animals eat the animals that eat the plants)

1. Knows that some kinds of organisms that once lived on Earth have completely disappeared (e.g., dinosaurs, trilobites, mammoths, giant tree ferns, horsetail trees)
2. Knows that fossils of past life can be compared to one another and to living organisms to observe their similarities and differences

1. Knows that different objects are made up of many different types of materials (e.g., cloth, paper, wood, metal) and have many different observable properties (e.g., color, size, shape, weight)
2. Knows that things can be done to materials to change some of their properties (e.g., heating, freezing, mixing, cutting, dissolving, bending), but not all materials respond the same way to what is done to them
3. Knows that objects can be classified according to their properties (e.g., magnetism, conductivity, density, solubility)
4. Knows that materials may be composed of parts that are too small to be seen without magnification
5. Knows that properties such as length, weight, temperature, and volume can be measured using appropriate tools (e.g., rulers, balances, thermometers, graduated cylinders)
6. Knows that materials have different states (solid, liquid, gas), and some common materials such as water can be changed from one state to another by heating or cooling
7. Knows that the mass of a material remains constant whether it is together, in parts, or in a different state

1. Knows that the Sun supplies heat and light to Earth
2. Knows that heat can be produced in many ways (e.g., burning, rubbing, mixing substances together)
3. Knows that electricity in circuits can produce light, heat, sound, and magnetic effects
4. Knows that heat is often produced as a byproduct when one form of energy is converted to another form (e.g., heat is produced by mechanical and electrical machines)
5. Knows that heat can move from one object to another by conduction and that some materials conduct heat better than others
6. Knows the organization of a simple electrical circuit (e.g., battery or generator, wire, a complete loop through which the electrical current can pass)

1. Knows that vibrating objects produce sound
2. Knows that light travels in a straight line until it strikes an object
3. Knows that the position of an object can be described by locating it relative to another object or the background
4. Knows that things move in many different ways (e.g., straight line, zigzag, vibration, circular motion)
5. Knows that the position and motion of an object can be changed by pushing or pulling
6. Knows that the pitch of a sound depends on the frequency of the vibration producing it
7. Knows that light can be reflected, refracted, or absorbed
8. Knows that an object's motion can be described by tracing and measuring its position over time
9. Knows that when a force is applied to an object, the object either speeds up, slows down, or goes in a different direction
10. Knows the relationship between the strength of a force and its effect on an object (e.g., the greater the force, the greater the change in motion; the more massive the object, the smaller the effect of a given force)

1. Knows that magnets can be used to make some things move without being touched
2. Knows that things near the Earth fall to the ground unless something holds them up
3. Knows that electrically charged material pulls on all other materials and can attract or repel other charged materials
4. Knows that magnets attract and repel each other and attract certain kinds of other materials (e.g., iron, steel)
5. Knows that the Earth's gravity pulls any object toward it without touching it

1. Knows that scientific investigations generally work the same way in different places and normally produce results that can be duplicated
2. Knows that although the same scientific investigation may give slightly different results when it is carried out by different persons, or at different times or places, the general evidence collected from the investigation should be replicable by others

1. Knows that learning can come from careful observations and simple experiments
2. Knows that tools (e.g., thermometers, magnifiers, rulers, balances) can be used to gather information and extend the senses
3. Knows that scientific investigations involve asking and answering a question and comparing the answer to what scientists already know about the world
4. Knows that scientists use different kinds of investigations (e.g., naturalistic observation of things or events, data collection, controlled experiments), depending on the questions they are trying to answer
5. Plans and conducts simple investigations (e.g., makes systematic observations, conducts simple experiments to answer questions)
6. Uses simple equipment and tools to gather scientific data and extend the senses (e.g., rulers, thermometers, magnifiers, microscopes, calculators)
7. Knows that good scientific explanations are based on evidence (observations) and scientific knowledge
8. Knows that scientists make the results of their investigations public; they describe the investigations in ways that enable others to repeat the investigations
9. Knows that scientists review and ask questions about the results of other scientists' work
10. Knows that different people may interpret the same set of observations differently

1. Knows that in science it is helpful to work with a team and share findings with others
2. Knows that people of all ages, backgrounds, and groups have made contributions to science and technology throughout history
3. Knows that although people using scientific inquiry have learned much about the objects, events, and phenomena in nature, science is an ongoing process and will never be finished
4. Knows that scientists and engineers often work in teams to accomplish a task