CARLOS P. GARCIA

(1896 - 1971)

 

Fourth President of the Philippine Republic

 

 

  Carlos P. Garcia was a teacher, poet, orator, lawyer, and politician par excellence who became the fourth president of the Philippine Republic.

 

Before he entered politics, Garcia was known as “Prince of Visayan Poets” and the “Bard from Bohol”.

 

The son of Policarpio Garcia and Ambrosia Polistico, who were both natives of Bangued, Abra, he was born on November 4, 1896 in Talibon, Bohol, the town where his father had been elected municipal president, or mayor, for four consecutive terms.

 

He acquired his elementary education in Talibon and took his secondary course at the Cebu Provincial High School. Initially, he pursued his college studies at Siliman University in Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental and later, at the Philippine Law School in Manila where he earned his law degrees in 1923. He landed among the top 10 finishers in the bar examinations that same year.   

 

Garcia was a recipient of the four-year Malcolm Law Scholarship, which he had won through his excellence in oration and debate. Instead of practicing law right away, he taught for two years at the Bohol Provincial High School. In 1925, he ran for congressman representing the third district of Bohol. He scored an impressive victory. He was elected for another term, but served it only up to 1931.

 

In the local elections of 1931, Garcia ran for governor of Bohol and won. He sought reelection and got what he wanted. Thus, from 1931 to 1940, he served as provincial governor. In the 1941 elections, he ran for senator representing Eastern Visayas under the Nacionalista Consolidado Party. True to his winning ways, he was elected.

 

But the Japanese invasion in World War II prevented the elected government from reigning. Confronted by the war, the nationalist Garcia joined the guerilla movement, thus drawing the ire of the Japanese imperial forces. When the civilian government in Bohol was organized during the height of the Japanese occupation, he served as its highest adviser-an act, which was appreciated by President Manuel L. Quezon.

Garcia ran for senator in the first post war national elections and regained his former post. In the 1953 presidential elections, he was the running mate of Ramon Magsaysay, who eventually won as President. Magsaysay appointed Garcia, his Vice-President, as concurrent Secretary of Foreign Affairs.

 

On March 17, 1957, while he was attending the SEATO Conference in Canberra as foreign secretary, Garcia learned about the death of President Magsaysay in the crash of the presidential plane Pinatubo on Mount Manungkal in Cebu on its way to Manila. He rushed back to Manila and took over as President on March 18, 1957.

 

In the Presidential election in November of that year, Garcia ran against Jose Yulo, Manuel Manahan, Claro M. Recto, and Antonio Quinine. He won over Yulo, his closest opponent, by 600,000 votes, and thus stayed on as President.

 

For articulating his administration’s “Filipino First” policy, which put the interests of the Filipino people above those of foreigners and of the ruling party, he became popular. It reinstated the original ideas, which also made the late President Manuel Quezon and Vice-President Sergio Osmeña close to the people.

 

In 1961, faced by the so-called  “White Paper” disseminated by Senator Eulogio “Amang” Rodriquez, President Garcia lost his reelection bid to the rising political leader from Pampanga, Diosdado Macapagal.

 

From 1961 – 1971, he lived as a private citizen in Bohol. When the 1971 Constitutional Convention was held, he ran as delegate from the province’s third district, and won. He was elected as its president on June 11, 1971, with ex-President Macapagal as vice-President. Three days later, on June 14, he suffered a fatal heart attack.

 

Aside from the presidency, Garcia held other public offices namely: Member of the Philippine Commission that negotiated the rehabilitation and war damage claims against Japan in 1945; delegate to World Conference in San Francisco that drafted the Charter of the United Nations in1945; delegate to the South East Asia Conference in Baguio, 1950; representative to the Inter-Parliamentary Union Conference, Dublin, Ireland, 1950; chairman of the Philippine delegation to the Geneva Conference for Korean Unification, 1954; presiding officer of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) Conference in Manila in 1954 which yielded the Pacific Charter; held of Philippine envoys to the SEATO talks held in Pakistan, in 1956, and in Canberra in 1957; and vice-president of the Nacionalista Party directorate, 1947, and executive vice-president , 1954 – 1971.

Garcia’s death created a void in Philippine politics, for he was the only president to institute a “Filipino First” policy.

 

At the time of his death, Garcia was survived by his wife, Leonila (Inday) Dimataga-Garcia, a pharmacist and native of Opon, Cebu and their only child, Linda Garcia-Campos.

 

 

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Pedro Gil

(1889 - 1965)

 

Physician, Crusading Journalist and Legislator

 

 

One of the architects of Philippine independence from the United States, Pedro Gil lived a crowded life of service in different distinguished roles-as a labor leader, as a doctor of medicine who practiced his professions as a means of aiding the laboring masses, as a crusading newspaperman with a vitriolic pen, as a social worker with a big heart for the needy, and as a conscientious legislator.

 

Born in Capiz, Capiz on November 13, 1889, he was the youngest of the seven children of Pedro Gil, Sir. and  Petra Hernandez. His father, a Spaniard, was an employee of the government in Capiz. His mother died when he was hardly six months old, and he was brought to Manila and reared in the home of his sisters in Ermita. He was eight years old when his father died.

 

The Gils were not wealthy, and left no fortune to their children. But inspite of their difficulties, his brothers and sisters managed to send him to the Escuela Normal de San Javier, where he completed a commercial course. How he was able to do that was a story of hardship and sacrifices. To support him through his studies his sisters accepted some sewing work. He himself did odd jobs for the school’s Jesuit priest and so was exempted from paying tuition fees.

 

Gil next enrolled at the San Juan de Letran, where he eared his bachelor of arts degree. He then proceeded to take up medicine at the University of Santo Tomas, supporting himself by teaching at the Instituto de Burgos in the evening. In due time, he finished the course, passed the examination given by the board of medical practitioners, and established a clinic which immediately became popular with the masses of Paco and Ermita.

 

Dr. Gil started his political career as a rabid oppositionist. Even while he was still a student, he was already closely identified with opposition groups. He was an active writer on political subjects and a frequent leader of movements censuring the party then in power for abuses in the government. He once led a strike against Meralco.

 

Ever eager to reach the masses, he published a newspaper dedicated to the laboring classes, Los Obreros. When it folded up, he edited a number of others, like La Nacion. He directed this last newspaper until 1923.     

 

When the Jones Law was still pending in Congress, he organized mass meetings and in a popular manifestation, led in the signing of a manifesto urging the legislative body to include in the said law “a definite date for independence.”

 

In 1927, he was elected representative for the south district of Manila on the Democratra party ticket. He became minority floor leader in the House of representatives and distinguished himself as a fiscalizer of the abused and the tyranny of those in power.”He was designated member of the 1930 independence mission to the United states and stayed for some time in Washington, D.C. together with Osmena, Roxas, Montinola, and Tirona. This mission is credited with having worked for the passage of the first independence law for the Philippines.

 

He was elected to the first National assembly and became chairman of the committee on the city government and several other important committees.

 

As an assemblyman, he worked tooth and nail for the reduction of public utility rates in the city of Manila, such as those charged by Meralco and the Manila Gas Corporation. He himself presented a test case against them with the Public Service Commission. Arguing that their rates were “boom period” rates and needed to be reduced, he offered comprehensive statistics to show that Manila residents were paying more than they should for gas and electric power services. He stressed that the current rates were too heavy for the poor to shoulder.

 

Likewise, he pioneered the movement for higher wages for laborers, authoring a bill to this effect.

 

Dr. Gil served as envoy to Argentina from 1959 to 1962 and was a recipient of the General San Martin medal, Argentina’s highest diplomatic award.

 

He was married to Consuelo Cabangis. They had only one child, Patria, who became the wife of Deogracias Puyat, a lawyer.

 

He died on January 5, 1965